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Spread-F prediction model for the equatorial Chumphon station, Thailand
(2020-01-01)
Thammavongsy, P.
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Supnithi, P.
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Phakphisut, W.
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Hozumi, K.
;
Tsugawa, T.
This work proposes a range spread-F (RSF) prediction model using the neural network (NN) over the equatorial Chumphon (CPN) region in Thailand. The RSF model is constructed by using five input spaces including the diurnal variations, seasonal variations, geographic latitude, solar flux index (F10.7), and magnetic index (A<inf>p</inf>). The RSF NN model is trained with three years of RSF data during 2013 to 2015 from Chumphon (CPN) station (Latitude = 10.7°N, Longitude = 99.4°E) and the performance of the proposed RSF NN model is validated using the dataset of 2016. As a result, the RSF NN model achieves 98.3% accuracy of all correct predictions even with the limited available data. The results show that the proposed NN model yields a lower RSF probability than the actual observation by about 7.3%, but the overestimation of the proposed NN model is 2.5% in both the equinoxes and solstices. In addition, we discover that the IRI-2016 model mostly overestimates the RSF probability when compared with the actual observation for all seasons in 2016, particularly, in equinoctial months over Chumphon station.
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Variations of ionospheric slab thickness over the magnetic equator of Southeast Asia
(2016-09-06)
Jamjareegulgarn, P.
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Supnithi, P.
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Watthanasangmechai, K.
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Yokoyama, T.
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Tsugawa, T.
In this paper, the diurnal and seasonal variations of the ionospheric slab thickness in an ionosonde chain over magnetic equator of Southeast Asia are studied. Three ionosonde stations of SEALION project located along the magnetic meridian of 100°E are selected to investigate, including two stations in Thailand, namely Chumphon and Chiang Mai, and one station in Indonesia, namely Kototabang. The monthly hourly medians of the foF2 from three ionosonde stations in 2010 are used to compute the observed NmF2. Refer to the TEC data; it can be obtained directly from GPS receiver at Chumphon station since the TEC data in 2010 were observed completely. In contrast, the TEC data at Chiang Mai station lost extremely and those at Kototabang station were unavailable. Hence, the TEC data used for these two stations are obtained from the International GNSS service (IGS). Our results show that 1) for all seasons, the NmF2 values during daytime have the successive decreasing values from Chiang Mai, Kototabang, and Chumphon. While the NmF2 values at three stations are almost identical during nighttime; 2) for all seasons at these three stations, the TEC values in the daytime are larger than those in the nighttime and their maximum values in the equinox and winter are higher than those in the summer; 3) the slab thickness values in all seasons during nighttime are generally larger than those during daytime for all three stations. Meanwhile, during daytime for all seasons, the slab thickness at Chumphon station is the highest among these three stations due to the fountain effect over magnetic equator.
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Comparison of e layer critical frequency over the Thai station Chumphon with IRI
(2015-04-15)
Wongcharoen, P.
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Kenpankho, P.
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Supnithi, P.
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Ishii, M.
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Tsugawa, T.
In this research, as a part of working towards improving the IRI over magnetic equatorial region, the critical frequency of E layer in the ionosphere (foE) derived from the ionogram at Chumphon station (10.72°N, 99.37°E), Thailand, during 2005-2008 is analyzed. The Chumphon station is located in the magnetic equatorial region at the magnetic latitude of 3.22°N. The seasonal variation of the foE measurements is compared to the IRI foE predictions with the optional input in the sunspot number (Rz12) and the solar radio noise flux (F10.7). For a declining phase of the solar cycle 23 during the year 2005-2008, the study shows that the IRI foE prediction is similar to the foE observation during the period of 2005-2008. The maximum differences between the IRI foE prediction and foE observation are about 500 kHz during daytime period of 2007.
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Comparison of ionosphere characteristic parameters obtained by ionosonde with IRI-2007 model over Southeast Asia
(2013-11-15)
Wichaipanich, N.
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Supnithi, P.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Maruyama, T.
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Nagatsuma, T.
In this work, the foF2 and hmF2 parameters at the conjugate points near the magnetic equator of Southeast Asia are studied and compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. Three ionosondes are installed nearly along the magnetic meridian of 100 E; one at the magnetic equator, namely Chumphon (10.72 N, 99.37 E, dip angle 3.0 N), and the other two at the magnetic conjugate points, namely Chiang Mai (18.76 N, 98.93 E, dip angle 12.7 N) and Kototabang (0.2 S, 100.30 E, dip angle 10.1 S). The monthly hourly medians of the foF2 and hmF2 parameters are calculated and compared with the predictions obtained from the IRI-2007 model from January 2004 to February 2007. Our results show that: the variations of foF2 and hmF2 predicted by the IRI-2007 model generally show the similar feature to the observed data. Both parameters generally show better agreement with the IRI predictions during daytime than during nighttime. For foF2, most of the results show that the IRI model overestimates the observed foF2 at the magnetic equator (Chumphon), underestimates at the northern crest (Chiang Mai) and is close to the measured ones at the southern crest of the EIA (Kototabang). For hmF2, the predicted hmF2 values are close to the hmF2(M3000F2 <inf>OBS</inf> ) during daytime. During nighttime, the IRI model gives the underestimation at the magnetic equator and the overestimation at both EIA crests. The results are important for the future improvements of the IRI model for foF2 and hmF2 over Southeast Asia region. © 2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Low-latitude equinoctial spread-F occurrence at different longitude sectors under low solar activity
(2013-02-05)
Pezzopane, M.
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Zuccheretti, E.
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Abadi, P.
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De Abreu, A. J.
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De Jesus, R.
We present the results of a comparative study of spread-F signatures over five low-latitude sites: Chiangmai (CGM; 18.8° N, 98.9° E, mag. Lat. 8.8° N), Thailand; Tanjungsari (TNJ; 6.9° S, 107.6° E, mag. Lat. 16.9° S), Indonesia; Palmas (PAL; 10.2° S, 311.8° E, mag. Lat. 0.9° S) and São José Dos Campos (SJC; 23.2° S, 314.1° E, mag. Lat. 14.0° S), Brazil; and Tucumán (TUC; 26.9° S, 294.6° E, mag. Lat. 16.8° S), Argentina. The investigation was based on simultaneous ionograms recorded by an FMCW (frequencymodulated continuous-wave) at CGM, an IPS-71 (digital ionosonde from KEL aerospace) at TNJ, a CADI (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) at PAL and SJC, and an AIS-INGV (Advanced Ionospheric Sounder-Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) at TUC, during the equinoctial periods March-April (R<inf>12</inf> = 2.0 and R <inf>12</inf> = 2.2) and September-October (R<inf>12</inf> = 6.1 and R <inf>12</inf> = 7.0) 2009, for very low solar activity. Spread-F signatures were categorized into two types: the range spread-F (RSF) and the frequency spread-F (FSF). The study confirms that the dynamics and the physical processes responsible for these phenomena are actually complicated. In fact, the features that arise from the investigation are different, depending on both the longitude sector and on the hemisphere. For instance, TUC, under the southern crest of the ionospheric equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), shows a predominance of RSF signatures, while both SJC, under the southern crest of EIA but in a different longitude sector, and CGM, under the northern crest of EIA, show a predominance of FSF signatures. Moreover, the spread-F occurrence over the longitude sector that includes CGM and TNJ is significantly lower than the spread-F occurrence over the longitude sector of PAL, SJC, and TUC. © Author(s) 2013.
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On post-midnight field-aligned irregularities observed with a 30.8-MHz radar at a low latitude: Comparison with F-layer altitude near the geomagnetic equator
(2012-01-01)
Nishioka, M.
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Otsuka, Y.
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Shiokawa, K.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Effendy, Null
We investigated the relationship between post-midnight F-region field aligned irregularities (FAIs) and F-layer altitude by analyzing data of a 30.8-MHz radar installed 5at Kototabang, Indonesia (0.2S, 100.3E; geomagnetic latitude 10.4S) and an ionosonde installed at Chumphon, Thailand (10.7N, 99.4E; geomagnetic latitude 3.3N). Chumphon is located near the geomagnetic equator on approximately the same meridian as Kototabang. Case studies show that the altitude of the F-layer rose at Chumphon a half hour before the post-midnight FAIs appeared at Kototabang. The Doppler velocity of the E-region FAIs observed simultaneously by the 30.8-MHz radar was downward, indicating that the F-layer uplift was not caused by the electric field. We also investigated seasonal variations of the post-midnight FAI occurrence and the F-layer altitude. Both the post-midnight FAIs and the uplift of the F-layer were frequently seen around midnight between May and August. The seasonal variation of the midnight F-layer uplift around the geomagnetic equator coincided with that of the post-midnight FAI occurrence at Kototabang. These results suggest that the uplift of the F-layer would play an important role in the generation of post-midnight FAIs. We evaluated the linear growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability based on the altitude of the F-layer observed at Chumphon. The result shows that the uplift of the F-layer can enhance the growth rate because gravity-driven eastward electric current increases. Therefore, we interpret that the observed FAIs were accompanied by plasma bubble, the growth rate of which was reinforced by the uplifted F-layer. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
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Thailand low and equatorial F2-layer peak electron density and comparison with IRI-2007 model
(2012-01-01)
Wichaipanich, N.
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Supnithi, P.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Maruyama, T.
Ionosonde measurements obtained at two Thailand ionospheric stations, namely Chumphon (10.72°N, 99.37°E, dip 3.0°N) and Chiang Mai (18.76°N, 98.93°E, dip 12.7°N) are used to examine the variation of the F<inf>2</inf>-layer peak electron density (N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf>) which is derived from the F<inf>2</inf>-layer critical frequency, f<inf>0</inf>F <inf>2</inf>. Measured data from September 2004 to August 2005 (a period of low solar activity) are analyzed based on the diurnal and seasonal variation and then compared with IRI-2007 model predictions. Our results show that, in general, the diurnal and seasonal variations of the N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> predicted by the IRI (URSI and CCIR options) model show a feature generally similar to the observed N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf>. Underestimation mostly occurs in all seasons except during the September equinox and the December solstice at Chumphon, and the September equinox and the March equinox at Chiang Mai, when they overestimate those measured. The best agreement between observation and prediction occurs during the pre-sunrise to post-sunrise hours. The best agreement of the %PD values of both the options occurs during the March equinox, while the agreement is the worst during the September equinox. The N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> values predicted by the CCIR option show a smaller range of deviation than the N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> values predicted by the URSI option. During post-sunset to morning hours (around 21:00-09:00 LT), the observed N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> at both stations are almost identical for the periods of low solar activity. However, during daytime, the observed N <inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> at Chumphon is lower than that at Chiang Mai. The difference between these two stations can be explained by the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA). These results are important for future improvements of the IRI model for N<inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf> over Southeast Asia, especially for the areas covered by Chumphon and Chiang Mai stations. Copyright © The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS).
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Comparison of GPS TEC measurements with IRI TEC prediction at the equatorial latitude station, Chumphon, Thailand
(2011-01-01)
Kenpankho, P.
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Watthanasangmechai, K.
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Supnithi, P.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Maruyama, T.
We have analyzed the total electron content (TEC) derived from dual-frequency GPS receivers (GPS TEC) at the Chumpon station, Thailand, during the period 2004-2006. The diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variation in the measured TEC is compared with the TEC derived from the IRI-2007 model as well as the TEC obtained from the International GNSS service (IGS). To date, TEC data at equatorial latitudes are limited. The Chumphon station (10.72 °N, 99.37°E) is located at the equatorial latitude and the dip latitude of 3°N. The TEC from the IRI-2007 model is based on the actual F<inf>2</inf> plasma frequency (f<inf>o</inf>F<inf>2</inf>) measurement. The results of our study show that the TEC derived from the IRI-2007 model agrees with the GPS TEC data mostly in the morning hours, but that it generally underestimates the GPS TEC. The maximum differences are about 15 TECU during the daytime and 5 TECU during the nighttime. The underestimation is more evident at daytime than at nighttime. The noon-bite out phenomena are clearly seen for the IRI-2007 TEC, but not on the IGS TEC and GPS TEC. The general underestimation of the IRI-2007 model can be explained from the exclusion of the plasmasphere, whereas the large difference during noon bite-outs is caused by the difference in the slab thickness in the ionosphere between the IRI-2007 model and the actual measurement. When compared with the TEC from the IGS model, the TEC measurements at Chumpon appear to be quite similar. Copyright © The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth.
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Variation of ionospheric slab thickness observations at Chumphon equatorial magnetic location
(2011-01-01)
Kenpankho, P.
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Supnithi, P.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Maruyama, T.
This study presents the diurnal and seasonal variations of slab thickness at the equatorial magnetic latitudes in Thailand during 2004-2006, corresponding to the declining part of low solar activity. The GPS-derived total electron content (TEC) and the maximum electron density of the F-region (N <inf>m</inf>F<inf>2</inf>) are used to compute the slab thickness (&tau) at the Chumphon station (10.72°N, 99.37°E), located near the magnetic equator. The results show that large peaks of slab thickness exist during the pre-sunrise hours in all three seasons at Chumphon when compared with other latitudes. The maximum value of slab thickness occurs when the peak electron density in the F<inf>2</inf> region is at the lowest level. During daytime, the slab thickness ranges from 200 kilometers to 580 kilometers for all seasons. During nighttime, the maximum value of slab thickness is 1250 kilometers in the summer of 2004. Moreover, the diurnal variation shows two minima that appear around 0900 LT and 1900 LT, during the post-sunrise and sunset hours. The seasonal variations show that the average slab thickness daily value is greater during summer and winter than those during equinox. Our study finds that the slab thickness at Chumphon located near the equatorial latitude is much larger than those found at low, mid, and high latitudes. The difference in slab thickness between the equatorial latitude and other zones is explained by the lack of plasma flow from the plasmasphere to the F<inf>2</inf> region at the magnetic equator. Copyright © The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth.
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GPS detection of total electron content variations over Indonesia and Thailand following the 26 December 2004 earthquake
(2006-08-01)
Otsuka, Y.
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Kotake, N.
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Tsugawa, T.
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Shiokawa, K.
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Ogawa, T.
We report the response of the ionosphere to the large earthquake that occurred in West Sumatra, Indonesia, at 0058 UT on December 26, 2004. We have analyzed Global Positioning System (GPS) data obtained at two sites in Sumatra and at three sites in Thailand to investigate total electron content (TEC) variations. Between 14 and 40 min after the earthquake, TEC enhancements of 1.6-6.9 TEC units (TECU) were observed at subionospheric points located 360-2000 km north of the epicenter. From the time delays of the observed TEC enhancements, we find that the TEC enhancements propagated northward from the epicenter. The time delays between the earthquake and rapid increases in TEC, which occurred near the epicenter, are consistent with the idea that acoustic waves generated by the earthquake propagated into the ionosphere at the speed of sound to cause the TEC variations. A small TEC enhancement of 0.6 TECU was observed south of the epicenter, while no TEC enhancements were seen east of the epicenter. From a model calculation, we find that this directivity of the TEC variations with respect to the azimuth from the epicenter could be caused partially by the directivity in the response of the electron density variation to the acoustic waves in the neutral atmosphere. © 2006, The Seismological Society of Japan, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, The Volcanological Society of Japan, The Geodetic Society of Japan, The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. All rights reserved.

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