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Utilization of micro-snail Stenothyra species as a co-feed for giant tiger prawn
(2026-06-01)
Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Pinphoo, Piyarat
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Thuamsuwan, Worachet
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Janeauksorn, Kittipong
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Meethong, Grissada
Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) is one of the most commercially important species in global intensive shrimp aquaculture. However, rising fishmeal prices have driven increases in feed costs, prompting some farmers to use lower-quality feeds, which can negatively affect shrimp growth performance. Natural micro-snails, such as Stenothyra sp., have been identified as potential co-feeds for P. monodon. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Stenothyra sp. as a co-feed on the growth performance and feed efficiency of P. monodon. Juvenile shrimp were assigned to two treatment groups (n = 20 per group): control (fed artificial pellets) and co-feed (fed artificial pellets supplemented with live micro-snails). The specific growth rate was higher in the co-feed group (8.4 ± 0.11% per day) than that in the control group (7.2 ± 0.34% per day). The final body weight was approximately 61% higher in the co-feed group than that in the control group. Similarly, feed efficiency (119.6 ± 2.73% vs. 77.5 ± 2.90%) and total protein intake (6.8 ± 0.17 g vs. 1.7 ± 0.06 g) were significantly higher in the co-feed group than those in the control group, indicating better feed and nutrient utilization following Stenothyra sp. supplementation. In conclusion, under the tested conditions, providing Stenothyra sp. as a co-feed improved growth performance and feed efficiency in juvenile P. monodon, possibly due to increased total protein intake. Overall, this study presents an innovative co-feeding strategy with potential benefits; however, its broader practical and economic implications require further evaluation.
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Use of a filamentous green alga (Chaetomorpha sp.) and microsnail (Stenothyra sp.) as feed at an early stage of intensive aquaculture promotes growth performance, artificial feed efficiency, and profitability of giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)
(2020-12-01)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Aueumneoy, Dusit
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Pinphoo, Piyarat
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Thuamsuwan, Worachet
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Janeauksorn, Kittipong
With the worldwide demand for tropical penaeid prawn increasing in recent decades, more research on shrimp culture methods is needed to enhance efficiency and profitability for shrimp farmers. The objective of this study was to develop a technique to boost the productivity, feed efficiency, and profitability of the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). To accomplish this, a novel culture setup was established in which two benthic organisms, a filamentous green alga (Chaetomorpha sp.) and a microsnail (Stenothyra sp.), were propagated together with P. monodon post-larvae during an early culture stage and then offered to shrimp as supplementary live feeds in intensive aquaculture ponds. For the experiment, shrimp post-larvae (density: approximately 33 individuals m-2) were cultured in outdoor concrete ponds (9 × 9 × 1.2 m) under either control (fed only artificial feed, n = 3) or experimental (fed artificial feed and benthic organisms, n = 3) conditions until they reached marketable size (15 weeks). Apparent green algae consumption was 6.81 kg (8.4% green alga to total feed consumption), whereas microsnail consumption was 1.96 kg (2.4% microsnail to total feed consumption). Compared with the control group of giant tiger prawn, the experimental group showed significantly higher productivity (total number of shrimp produced: 118%; total shrimp production: 133%), feed efficiency (feed conversion ratio of artificial shrimp feed: 89%), and profitability (shrimp sales: 139%; balance between shrimp sales and costs: 146%), while labor and financial costs were kept minimal. These results can be explained by the enhanced growth of shrimp at the early stages of culture. The techniques developed in this study will help to advance the efficiency of intensive aquaculture operations for giant tiger prawn and also improve profitability for shrimp farmers.
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Presence of viral pathogens amongst wild Penaeus monodon in Thailand
(2017-05-01)
Hamano, Kaoru
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Maeno, Yukio
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Klomkling, Sirimas
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Aue-Umneoy, Dusit
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Tsutsui, Isao
An epizootiological study of 230 wild Penaues monodon collected from a set net in the seashore of Klong Khone, Samut Songkhram, Thailand was conducted from December 2012 to November 2013. Each month approximately 20 wild P. monodon were tested for the following five pathogenic shrimp viruses: yellow head virus (YHV), white spot syndrome virus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, taura syndrome virus, and infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Among all P. monodon individuals, 45.7% were positive for YHV, which causes yellow head disease that is commonly encountered in Thai shrimp cultivation. Overall, pathogenic viruses were detected in 80.9% of all the shrimp; however, IMNV, which has yet to be identified in Thailand, was not detected in any shrimp. This finding suggests that there is a link between the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in wild shrimp and the outbreaks of viral diseases in farmed shrimp.
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Co-culture with Chaetomorpha sp. enhanced growth performance and reduced feed conversion ratio of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon
(2015-09-08)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Songphatkaew, Jaruwan
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Meeanan, Chonlada
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Aue-Umneoy, Dusit
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Sukchai, Halethichanok
The increase in global demand for fishery products has led to a fivefold increase in aquaculture production since 1990. Commercial feed is the highest production cost in intensive aquaculture, and residual commercial feed leads to eutrophication; hence it is important to find a low-cost alternative that has less environmental impact. We investigate the use of the filamentous green algae, Chaetomorpha sp., as a raw feed for giant tiger prawns. The giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon was grown in monoculture, and in co-culture with Chaetomorpha sp. to investigate the potential benefits of co-culturing. Five 20-day-old giant tiger prawn juveniles were released in 70-L monoculture and co-culture tanks, and the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured after 10 weeks. The final mean body weight of co-cultured prawns was approximately 50 % heavier than that of monocultured prawns. The SGR in co-culture tanks was 4.79 ± 0.08 % day−1, which was higher than that in monoculture tanks (4.14 ± 0.27 % day−1). The FCR was 38.9 % lower in co-culture than in monoculture tanks. The protein content of Chaetomorpha sp. obtained from proximate analysis was almost the same or a little lower than other filamentous green seaweeds; however, the Chaetomorpha sp. has higher fiber and gross energy. These results show that Chaetomorpha sp. has potential for reducing feed costs in prawn intensive aquaculture through co-culturing.
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Bloom of the two dinoflagellates Ceratium furca and Diplopsalis lenticula in a mangrove estuary of Thailand
(2015-06-01)
Yurimoto, Tatsuya
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Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Meeanan, Chonlada
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Tsutsui, Isao
Knowledge of the planktonic species that appear in mangrove estuaries in tropical areas is still poor. We believe that case report data on the appearance of species is important for clarifying the ecosystem of the mangrove estuary. We report in this paper on the occurrence of blooms and discuss the factors that influence blooming, based on an observed bloom consisting of two dinoflagellates in the mangrove estuary of Samut Songkhram, Thailand, in December 2012. From fluorescence microscopic observation of the armors of the dinoflagellates after calcofluor white staining, we identified these dinoflagellates as Ceratium furca and Diplopsalis lenticula. In addition, from the annual data on air temperature and precipitation for that year, it was found that the bloom occurred in early dry season. Additionally, diatoms that inhibit the growth of dinoflagellates were observed at low densities. These results suggested that the two dinoflagellates, C. furca and D. lenticula, grew during disappearance of diatoms.
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Occurrence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. in marine species of shrimps cultured at inland low salinity ponds
(2015-05-01)
Yano, Yutaka
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Hamano, Kaoru
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Tsutsui, Isao
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Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Ban, Masatoshi
We aimed to document the risk of Aeromonas spp. in marine shrimp species cultured in inland low salinity ponds in Thailand. In 14 of 18 shrimp samples retrieved from inland grow-up ponds, Aeromonas spp. were detected at ranges from 4667 to 1,500,000CFU/g body weight. The phylogenetic tree constructed with the gyrB and cpn60 concatenated sequences indicated that the 87 isolates consisted of Aeromonas veronii (70%). , Aeromonas aquariorum (18%). , Aeromonas caviae (7%). , Aeromonas jandaei (2%), and Aeromonas schubertii (2%). The potential virulence of the isolates was examined by phenotypic and PCR assays. Hemolytic activity and the extracellular activity of lipase, DNase, and gelatinase were observed in most isolates (94-99%). PCR revealed the presence of 9 genes related to virulence in the 87 isolates: act (75%), aer (74%), alt (30%), ast (1%), ascV (34%), aexT (24%), fla (92%), ela (34%), and lip (24%). The susceptibility profiles to 14 antimicrobial agents of isolates were typical for the genus, but resistance to cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin, and imipenem were found in two A.aquariorum and in three A.veronii isolates, respectively. These resistances were confirmed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations. Our results indicate that the microbiological risk posed by Aeromonas should be considered for marine shrimp species that are cultured in low-salinity ponds. These shrimps may also be a vehicle for the transfer of different genotypes of Aeromonas and antibiotic-resistant determinants to regions worldwide through trade.
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Ecological and morphological profile of floating spherical Cladophora socialis aggregations in Central Thailand
(2015-04-21)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Miyoshi, Tatsuo
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Sukchai, Halethichanok
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Pinphoo, Piyarat
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Aueumneoy, Dusit
The unique beauty of spherical aggregation forming algae has attracted much attention from both the scientific and lay communities. Several aegagropilous seaweeds have been identified to date, including the plants of genus Cladophora and Chaetomorpha. However, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. In July 2013, a mass occurrence of spherical Cladophora aggregations was observed in a salt field reservoir in Central Thailand. The aims of the present study were to describe the habitat of the spherical aggregations and confirm the species. We performed a field survey, internal and external morphological observations, pyrenoid ultrastructure observations, and molecular sequence analysis. Floating spherical Cladophora aggregations (1-8 cm in diameter) were observed in an area ∼560 m2, on the downwind side of the reservoir where there was water movement. Individual filaments in the aggregations were entangled in each other; consequently, branches growing in different directions were observed within a clump. We suggest that water movement and morphological characteristics promote the formation of spherical aggregations in this species. The molecular sequencing results revealed that the study species was highly homologous to both C. socialis and C. coelothrix. However, the diameter of the apical cells in the study species was less than that of C. coelothrix. The pyrenoid ultrastructure was more consistent with that of C. socialis. We conclude that the study species is C. socialis. This first record of spherical aggregations in this species advances our understanding of these formations. However, further detailed physical measurements are required to fully elucidate the mechanism behind these spherical formations.
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High tolerance of Chaetomorpha sp. to salinity and water temperature enables survival and growth in stagnant waters of central Thailand
(2015-03-01)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Miyoshi, Tatsuo
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Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Songphatkaew, Jaruwan
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Meeanan, Chonlada
The effects of salinity and water temperature on growth and survival of Chaetomorpha sp., one of the green tidal filamentous algae, were investigated. Field surveys revealed that this alga was abundant throughout the year in stagnant coastal waters of central Thailand. Chaetomorpha sp. was found in salinities of 3.4–90.0 and water temperatures of 20.1–40.9 °C. Chaetomorpha sp. biomass fluctuated between 9.2 and 162 kg dry weight in a saline swamp, without significant differences among seasons. The highest mean specific growth rate of approximately, 60 % day−1 was observed in laboratory experimental trials at salinities of 20–30 at 30 °C. Salinity and water temperature significantly affected growth of this alga independently and interactively. Based on these results, Chaetomorpha sp. can easily grow, survive and monopolize in stagnant waters where the salinity and temperature greatly fluctuate because of their euryhaline and eurythermal nature as well as their high growth rate.
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio species related to food safety isolated from shrimp cultured at inland ponds in Thailand
(2014-04-01)
Yano, Yutaka
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Hamano, Kaoru
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Satomi, Masataka
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Tsutsui, Isao
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Ban, Masatoshi
Inland farming of marine shrimp species is a relatively recent development, in response to increasing demand for the products. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofpotentially pathogenic Vibrio species in shrimps cultured at inland ponds with low salinity in Thailand. Of 16 shrimp samples (white-leg shrimps and black-tiger shrimps) from ponds with water temperatures from 29 to 32°C, and salinities from 1 to 5 parts per trillion, 15 contained Vibrio cholerae (densities: 62-252,000MPN/g). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was present in six samples (370-6,300,000MPN/g), and Vibrio vulnificus was present in two samples (16-1300MPN/g). V.parahaemolyticus has higher affinity for non-native white-leg shrimp than for native black-tiger shrimp. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were then measured for 12 common antimicrobial agents. Resistance to ampicillin and oxytetracycline (8% and 2% of the isolates) was documented in V.cholerae isolates, resistance to ampicillin and oxytetracycline (72% and 3%) was found in V.parahaemolyticus isolates, and resistance to nalidixic acid (20%) was detected in V.vulnificus isolates. β-lactamase and tetracycline resistance genes were detected in the resistant Vibrio isolates. The oxytetracycline-resistance phenotype was eliminated by plasmid curing, suggesting that the resistance was related to R-plasmids. Our results show that shrimps cultured even in low salinity ponds are potentially contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio species, and that shrimp are a vehicle for transfer of species with antimicrobial resistance genes to the public. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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Growth of giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, under co-culture with a discarded filamentous seaweed, Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing, at an aquarium-scale
(2010-06-01)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Kanjanaworakul, Poonmanee
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Srisapoome, Prapansak
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Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Hamano, Kaoru
Growth of juvenile giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, was evaluated at an aquarium-scale in co-culture with a discarded filamentous seaweed, Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing. Juveniles at different ages in days were examined, designated as J 16, J 44, J 58, J 93 and J 128, where a 1-day-old juvenile (J 1) is equivalent to a 20-day-old post-larva (PL 20)). Juveniles at every age group grazed directly on live C. ligustica, even those fed an artificial shrimp diet to satiation. Mean specific growth rate (SGR: % day-1) was higher in early age juveniles. Compared to mono-culture, significant differences in growth were observed at J 16 (4.44% day-1) and J 44 (1.60% day-1); however, no significant differences were recorded at J 58 (1.16% day-1), J 93 (0.75% day-1) or J 128 (0.45% day-1). It was concluded that co-culture of giant tiger prawn with C. ligustica has a dietary advantage, especially in early age juveniles. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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