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Enhancing clay properties with eggshell powder: A sustainable alternative for soil stabilization
(2026-07-01)
Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
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Taib, Aizat Mohd
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Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra
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Yuliana, Yuliana
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Kamchoom, Viroon
Poultry waste is increasing rapidly in many countries as urbanization and industrialization rise and create environmental and economic issues. Eggshell waste deteriorates infrastructures but could effectively stabilize clay soil. This study investigates the performance of eggshell powder (ESP) as a stabilizing agent for clay soil, emphasizing its effects on the mechanical properties of clay and its suitability for construction. The methodology involved preparing soil and ESP samples, followed by standard Proctor compaction tests, direct shear tests, and microstructural analysis. Various percentages of eggshell powder (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) were added to the clay soil. The results revealed that the addition of ESP improved the plasticity, compaction behavior, and shear strength of soil. The results showed that the plasticity index decreased from 30.45% (untreated soil) to 21.78% at 6% ESP, and the liquid limit reduced from 65.28% to 57.80%, enhancing soil workability and reducing swelling. Additionally, soil cohesion increased substantially from 82.7 kN/m² (untreated soil) to 144.5 kN/m² at 9% ESP, while the internal friction angle improved from 18° to 25°, contributing to its overall strength and stability. The microstructural analysis confirmed these findings, showing a denser soil matrix and stronger inter-particle bonds. This study concludes that ESP is a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers, offering environmental benefits by utilizing waste material and reducing the need for cement and lime. The use of ESP in soil stabilization contributes to sustainable construction practices and presents a viable solution for improving the performance of clay soils in construction.
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The influence of root-crack dynamics on soil water infiltration across seasonal variations
(2025-12-01)
Yuliana, Yuliana
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Apriyono, Arwan
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Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
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Feng, Song
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Kamchoom, Viroon
Soil infiltration plays a vital role in the hydrological cycle, impacting water absorption and availability for crops. Accurate infiltration measurements are crucial for improving water management in agricultural systems. This study observed the interaction of root growth and crack to the infiltration rate with influence of wetting drying conditions. Over an 18-month period, a double-ring infiltrometer test was applied to directly assess infiltration rates in both bare and vegetated zones. A minirhizotron camera was used to capture the root growth and decay defined as Root Area Ratio (RAR) and crack defines as crack intensity factor (CIF). The findings reveal that root growth peaked at 6.3 % during the first cycle but declined to 4.5 % in the second dry summer due to water stress and root decay. Vegetated zone also experienced lower CIF compared to bare zone. Infiltration rates increased significantly during dry periods, with the bare zone reaching a final rate of 1.63 × 10⁻⁶ m/s and vegetated zones showing up to an 8-fold increase in the second cycle. These findings underscore the critical role of root dynamics and soil cracking in regulating water infiltration. For agricultural systems, understanding these processes is essential for developing effective soil management and irrigation strategies that improve infiltration, enhance soil stability, and optimize crop productivity.
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Effectiveness of elephant grass roots in improving soil shear strength for slope reinforcement
(2025-09-01)
Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
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Milasafarah, Syarifah
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Sungkar, Munira
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Gunawan, Hendra
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Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra
Slope instability and landslides remain major geotechnical concerns in tropical regions, where intense rainfall, high humidity, and extensive human activities such as deforestation and poor land management accelerate erosion and ground failure. As a sustainable alternative to conventional engineering solutions, vegetation-based methods have gained increasing attention, particularly for their ability to reinforce soil through root systems. This study investigates the potential of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) roots to enhance the shear strength of tropical soils for slope stabilization. Soil samples categorized as silty sand, clayey sand, and clay were collected and subjected to laboratory testing. Roots were added at varying proportions (0.1 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 %) and lengths (2 cm and 3 cm), and samples were tested using direct shear tests to determine their mechanical behavior. Root tensile strength was also evaluated to assess its contribution to soil reinforcement. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructural interactions between roots and soil particles. The results revealed significant improvements in cohesion and internal friction angles, with optimal reinforcement observed at 0.3 % root content and 3 cm root length, especially in clay (cohesion = 0.61 kg/cm2, friction angle = 12.56°) and clayey sand (cohesion = 0.76 kg/cm2, friction angle = 13.29°). SEM analysis confirmed effective physical bonding and interlocking between roots and soil matrices. These findings show that elephant grass roots are an effective, eco-friendly solution for stabilizing landslide-prone soils, supporting bioengineering research and guiding future field validation and long-term performance studies.
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Seasonal dynamics of root growth and desiccation cracks and their effects on soil hydraulic conductivity
(2025-04-01)
Yuliana, Yuliana
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Apriyono, Arwan
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Boldrin, David
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Cheng, Qing
Vegetation significantly influences soil hydraulic conductivity, with the extent of this influence depending on root morphology and density, which vary across different developmental stages of plants. This research investigates the interaction dynamics between plant roots (during both growth and decay) and desiccation cracks, as well as the combined impact of vegetation, cracks, and seasonal variations on soil hydraulic conductivity (K<inf>sat</inf>). Root growth and decay patterns were observed using a minirhizotron, while changes in crack formation were monitored and interpreted using the Crack Intensity Factor (CIF) for both vegetated and bare areas over an eighteen-month period of wetting and drying cycles. K<inf>sat</inf> was analysed based on data from a double-ring test. The findings indicate that the presence of vetiver roots results in a less visible and uneven crack distribution compared to bare soil, with CIF and average crack widths reduced by half. However, cracks reappear during root decay periods. Although cracks were minimised in vegetated soil, K<inf>sat</inf> values increased significantly during dry periods, with a 16-fold rise in the vegetated zone due to root propagation, while the bare zone showed a marginal 5-fold increase. The presence of cracks and roots significantly influences K<inf>sat</inf>, exhibiting distinct hysteresis behaviour in response to drying and wetting cycles.
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The effect of desiccation cracks on water infiltration in landfill cover under extreme climate scenarios
(2025-04-01)
Apriyono, Arwan
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Yuliana, Yuliana
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Leung, Anthony Kwan
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Jotisankasa, Apiniti
Predicting water infiltration in clay poses a significant challenge, primarily due to the presence of desiccation cracks, which are amplified by extreme climate. Accurate methods for calculating water infiltration, considering crack variations under extreme climates are essential especially for landfill covers. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between crack intensity factor (CIF) and water infiltration in high-plasticity clay, focusing on seasonal changes and extreme climate conditions. A series of double-ring infiltration tests was conducted in the field to observe the impact of desiccation cracks on water infiltration. Subsequently, a modified Green–Ampt method incorporating CIF was developed and validated against these field test results to improve water infiltration predictions. This study revealed that the maximum CIF was notably higher in the second dry season (11.4 %) than that in the first one (8.1 %), indicating soil structural degradation. An exponential correlation was observed between increased CIF and infiltration rates, attributed to cracks creating preferential pathways. In extreme climate scenarios, CIF increases could surpass 15 %, potentially elevating soil's saturated hydraulic conductivity (K<inf>s</inf>) by over 85 % relative to current climate conditions.
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Effect of root water uptake on road movement across seasonal changes
(2025-01-01)
Yuliana, Yuliana
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Apriyono, Arwan
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Leung, Anthony Kwan
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Keawsawasvong, Suraparb
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Kamchoom, Viroon
The use of trees as roadside barriers provides benefits like noise and pollution control. On the other hand, the root systems can disrupt soil moisture, leading to uneven subsidence and impacting nearby structures. Knowing the appropriate distance between trees and pavement will allow for maximizing the plant's favourable impact on infrastructure. This study aimed to determine the safe distance between trees and pavement by examining the effects of transpiration on pore water pressure (PWP) and pavement subsidence under seasonal variations. The root water uptake was simplified in a finite element model using multiple hydraulic head boundaries and validated through field observations. A hypoplastic model was employed to simulate the non-linear behaviour and plastic strain accumulation in unsaturated soil. The findings indicate that the summer season exhibited a more noticeable change in negative PWP. Trees significantly reduce PWP, especially during summer seasons, creating higher suction near them due to evapotranspiration. Additionally, pavement edges closest to trees experience the most pronounced subsidence, likely due to a greater soil moisture deficit. Seasonal variations influence subsidence, with drier periods leading to more severe effects. Furthermore, the pavement with the distance 4 meters from the tree highlights a potential risk exceeded the cracking moment at 5th summer period, indicating a high risk of damage.
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The effects of desiccation crack and seasonal variation on hydrological response of compact clay embankment
(2025-01-01)
Apriyono, Arwan
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Yuliana, Yuliana
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Leung, Anthony Kwan
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Jotisankasa, Apiniti
The presence of cracks significantly impacts the hydrological behaviour of clay embankments. This study aimed to enhance understanding of the complex interplay between the amount and propagation of desiccation cracks and seasonal variations. A full-scale embankment was constructed and equipped with an array of instruments, including pore water pressure, volumetric water content (VWC), and crack observer. The results suggested that continues cracks at shallow depths (0.5 m) exhibit significant seasonal fluctuations due to pronounced soil–atmosphere interactions, facilitating rapid water movement and substantial changes in crack width. In contrast, discontinuous cracks at intermediate depths (0.5 m) are less affected by seasonal changes, but they can propagate and connect over time due to repeated wetting and drying cycles. The crack intensity factor (CIF) above 0.4 m is highly sensitive to climatic variations, leading to pronounced fluctuations with changes in rainfall and dry conditions. The twofold increase in CIF values leads to a significant reduction in VWC (by 13.5%) at the depth of 0.25 m under the same atmospheric water balance. However, this effect is less pronounced at greater depths, such as 0.5 m, as discontinuous cracks are less effective in facilitating rapid drainage and moisture loss.
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The impact of biochar amendment on soil water infiltration and evaporation under climate change scenarios
(2024-10-01)
Apriyono, Arwan
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Yuliana, Yuliana
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Chen, Zhongkui
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Keawsawasvong, Suraparb
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Kamchoom‬, Viroon
Biochar is an eco-friendly material that is potentially used in earthworks to prevent stability and serviceability problems under extreme scenarios. This study aims to examine the effects of biochar amended on water infiltration and evaporation under extreme climate. A series of numerical analyzes were conducted to observe the response of pore water pressure (PWP) to extreme climate variation with an application of biochar composition. Moreover, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been performed to investigate the effect of biochar on soil water holding capacity at a low suction range. According to the result, biochar amended can maintain the fluctuation of PWP due to wetting and drying processes under extreme climate scenarios. This is due to the fact that the finer particles of biochar may clog large soil pores, reducing the water infiltration rate. Moreover, the addition of biochar can increase water retention capacity at low matric suction ranges, which can prevent flooding during extreme wet conditions. Further to this, the addition of biochar to the soil can maintain PWP fluctuation at the near surface area under extreme climate, preventing soil desiccation cracks.
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A review of herbaceous vegetation effect on mechanical properties of soil for enhancing slope stability
(2024-01-01)
Yuliana, Yuliana
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
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Gunawan, Hendra
Slope instability is a critical issue that threatens infrastructure, human settlements, and the environment, with conventional stabilization methods often causing signiFficant environmental disruption and incurring high costs. This study aims to explore the potential of native Southeast Asian plants, especially lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and alang-alang grass (Imperata cylindrica) to improve soil quality and prevent slope stability. The analysis focuses on their physical and mechanical properties to identify trends and advantages for slope reinforcement and sustainable ecological restoration in Southeast Asia. The Ffindings highlight that lemongrass and vetiver grass demonstrate promising improvements in slope stability parameters, including friction angle, cohesion, and shear strength, making them highly effective for erosion control. Lemongrass shows the most pronounced beneFfits, while vetiver grass also provides substantial stabilization. In contrast, elephant grass and alang-alang grass offer less improvement in these parameters. The study suggests that future research should explore the hydraulic behavior of these species to better understand their effects on water inFfiltration, runoff, and soil moisture dynamics, which are crucial for comprehensive slope stability analysis.

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