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Effects of Laminarin on Innate Immune Activation in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Reared at Different Salinities
(2026-03-01)
Muahiddah, Nuri
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Chen, Jiann Chu
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
This study examined the effects of laminarin on the haemocytes of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared at different salinity levels (35 ‰, 25 ‰, 15 ‰, and 10 ‰) in vitro. Haemocytes incubated with 1 mg/mL laminarin were assessed for degranulation, cell size, viability, necrosis, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and respiratory burst (RB). Shrimp haemocytes incubated with laminarin for 30 minutes exhibited greater degranulation and necrosis at salinities of 35‰, 25‰, and 15‰ than those of shrimp reared at 10‰. The reduction increased with increasing laminarin concentration incubated with white shrimp haemocytes, but was negatively related to salinity level. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst (RB) of shrimp increased with increasing salinity. It is concluded that haemocytes of white shrimp reared at 10‰ and treated with laminarin showed lower immune activation, as indicated by reduced degranulation, lower necrotic cell levels, a lower percentage of large cells, and a lower percentage of viable cells, as well as decreased PO activity and RB. In contrast, the immune response of white shrimp treated with laminarin was stronger and occurred earlier in shrimp reared at higher salinities (35‰, 25‰, and 15‰) compared with those reared at low salinity (10‰).
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Indonesian Throughflow, spatial–temporal variability, and its relationship to ENSO events in the Lombok Strait
(2025-03-01)
Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin
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Situmorang, Edriyan
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Simanjuntak, Andrean V.H.
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Riama, Nelly F.
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Pasma, Gumilang R.
Understanding the interactions between ocean currents and climate variability is crucial for predicting future oceanic and climatic shifts in the Lombok Strait and beyond. Our study examines the Lombok Strait from 2013 to 2018, focusing on the impact of interannual and seasonal variability driven by climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our findings reveal significant fluctuations in oceanographic parameters, including temperature, salinity, and ocean currents. The lowest recorded temperature was ∼27.2 °C, and the minimum salinity was ∼32.3 psu, linked to the strong El Niño event in 2015, which altered local rainfall and evaporation patterns. Analysis of meridional and zonal velocities showed enhanced water flow, with maximum meridional velocities reaching around ∼0.04 m/s and zonal velocities peaking at ∼0.18 m/s in early 2018. Seasonal variations in sea surface height show higher values during warmer months, reflecting the influence of ENSO phenomena. The vertical distribution of salinity indicated stratification, with values ranging from ∼27.5 psu to ∼34.0 psu across different depths, corresponding to water density ranging from 22.50 σ<inf>θ</inf> to 24.0 σ<inf>θ</inf>, highlighting the interaction between Pacific and Indian Ocean waters. Water mass transport averages at 100 m and 200 m show values of −1.21 ± 0.97 Sv and −1.350 ± 1.069 Sv, with the lowest transport occurring during the summer at −1.97 Sv with a depth range of 0–100 m, suggesting robust outflow. Our findings underscore the critical role of the ITF in shaping regional oceanographic conditions and their implications for global climate dynamics.
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A One-dimensional Salinity Measurement Model in the Chao Phraya River with the Chao Phraya Barrage Dam Using a Shooting Method
(2023-03-01)
Vanishkorn, Buddhaporn
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Pochai, Nopparat
Sea water receding from the Gulf of Thailand causes salinity diffusion in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand, and the amount of northern water is reduced in the dry season. It has an impact on people, particularly the generation of tap water. The Samlae raw water pumping station is the major pumping station. The Ban Krachaeng subdistrict is located in Mueang district, Pathum Thani province, and is affected by saltwater intrusion, which causes the salinity level to exceed the recommended threshold. In order for the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA)'s water supply system to achieve the standard, the salinity index at the Samlae raw water pumping station is controlled to not exceed the surveillance threshold of 0.25 g/l in this research. A barrage dam consists of a number of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of fresh water passing through. There is a Chao Phraya barrage dam which is across the Chao Phraya River at Chai Nat, the northern part of the focused area. The objective of this research is to demonstrate a onedimensional steady-state salinity measurement model in a river with a barrage dam. Irrigation is done in rivers with dams using the shooting method to estimate the solution. The results obtained from simulating simulated salinity measurements from Phra-Nakhon Tai Power Plant Station to Samlae Station demonstrated that the shooting method can be used to accurately estimate the solution. Freshwater flow velocity and salinity dissolving efficiency were discovered to be the most important elements controlling salinity levels. The suggested salinity control approach may help to regulate the salinity level until it reaches a normal level.
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Irrigation water management strategies for salinity control in the chao phraya river using sualyev finite difference method with lagrange interpolation technique
(2021-01-01)
Othata, Pornpon
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Pochai, Nopparat
—The problem of salinity in tap water is a very important problem. Drinking water that is higher than the World Health Organization designation can greatly affect peo-ple’s health. In this research, a salinity management model is also applied in a river with a dam with an interpolation process for initial and boundary conditions. An unconditionally stable explicit finite difference scheme with the Lagrange interpolating polynomials for the initial and boundary conditions is utilized to estimate the saltiness level with a few conditions of a proposed model. The suggested computational technique allows for a clear consensus on the effects of realistic implementations for water supply processes.
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A non-dimensional mathematical model of salinity measurement in the chaophraya river using a new fourth order finite difference method with the saulyev technique
(2020-12-01)
Camcoon, Nataya
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Pochai, Nopparat
Salinity in a river is a measure of the content of salts in water. Salinity intrusion problem pose hazards for a river as well as affecting human health and agriculture. There are two methods to measure the salinity in a river. First, the sampling water method by monitoring stations has been using to collect the actual data. Second, a mathematical model is introduced to predict the salinity in a river. In this research, a mathematical model of salinity measurement in a river with releasing fresh water from a diversion dam effect is proposed. There are two finite difference techniques are introduced to approximate the model solution. The traditional forward time centered space techniques are also introduced. A new fourth order finite difference method is employed to accurately approximate the salinity in a river. A part of the Chaopraya river which is closed to the estuary is experimented. The actual problem is focused in this research. The experiment suggested can be used in many practical measurements of the salinity. The proposed method will predict the salinity level in a period on the future. The computational salinity measurement gives precisely results when the actual salinity and numerical salinity are compared. The proposed numerical simulation can be applied to a salinity forecasting.

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