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    Preparation of activated carbon from bamboo-cellulose fiber and its use for EDLC electrode material
    (2017-04-01)
    Fujishige, Masatsugu
    ;
    Yoshida, Ichiro
    ;
    Toya, Yumiko
    ;
    Banba, Yasuo
    ;
    Oshida, Kyo ichi
    Carbonization and post activation of bamboo-cellulose fiber was carried out. The carbonization was performed at 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C in argon atmosphere. Then, they were activated by heating solid mixture of carbonized bamboo and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 720°C in argon atmosphere. The largest specific surface area of the resulting activated carbon (carbonized at 600°C) was 2366m2/g with the micropore volume of 0.71cm3/g and mesopore volume of 0.06cm3/g. It was found that the carbonization temperature is very important to obtain nanoporous carbon with large specific surface area. The distributions of interlayer spacing were estimated from the power spectra of the TEM images of the carbonized samples. It showed the interlayer spacing of basic structural unit (BSU) decreased from 0.49nm (BC-0600) through 0.47nm (BC-0800) to 0.45nm (BC-1000). The activated carbon was used as the host material of the electrodes of coin type electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with organic electrolyte. The observed specific capacitance was 43F/g (23F/cm3) for the activated carbon (carbonized at 600°C), comparable to 44F/g (22F/cm3) of commercial activated carbon (MSP). The corresponding values for the activated carbons (carbonized at 800°C and 1000°C) were 40F/g (23F/cm3) and 17F/g (12F/cm3), respectively.
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    Effect of carrageenan on properties of biodegradable thermoplastic cassava starch/low-density polyethylene composites reinforced by cotton fibers
    (2014-01-01)
    Prachayawarakorn, Jutarat
    ;
    Pomdage, Wanida
    Applications of biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS) have been restricted due to its poor mechanical properties, limited processability and high water uptake. In order to improve properties and processability, thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) was compounded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The TPCS/LDPE blend was, then, modified by a natural gelling agent, i.e. carrageenan and natural fibers, i.e. cotton fibers. All composites were compounded and processed using an internal mixer and an injection molding machine, respectively. It was found that stress at maximum load and Young's modulus of the TPCS/LDPE composites significantly increased by the addition of the carrageenan and/or the cotton fibers. The highest mechanical properties were obtained from the TPCS/LDPE composites modified by both the carrageenan and the cotton fibers. Percentage water absorption of all of the TPCS/LDPE composites was found to be similar. All modified composites were also degraded easier than the non-modified one. Furthermore, all the composites were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Effect of Cotton Fiber Contents and Lengths on Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Composites Prepared from Rice and Waxy Rice Starches
    (2011-03-01)
    Prachayawarakorn, Jutarat
    ;
    Ruttanabus, Pornnipa
    ;
    Boonsom, Pimvilai
    Biodegradable polymer was prepared as thermoplastic starch (TPS) using rice and waxy rice starches. In order to increase mechanical properties and reduce water absorption of the TPS, cotton fiber was incorporated as the fiber reinforcement into the TPS matrix. The effect of cotton fiber contents and lengths on properties of the TPS was examined. Internal mixer and compression molding machine were used to mix and shape the samples. It was found that the thermoplastic rice starch (TPRS) showed higher stress at maximum load and Young's modulus but lower strain at maximum load than the thermoplastic waxy rice starch (TPWRS). In addition, stress at maximum load and Young's modulus of both TPRS and TPWRS increased significantly with the addition of the cotton fiber. Cotton fiber contents and lengths also affected mechanical properties of the TPRS and TPWRS composites. Moreover, water absorption of the TPRS and TPWRS composites decreased by the use of the cotton fibers. FT-IR and XRD techniques were used to study a change in functional group and crystallinity of the thermoplastic starch composites. Morphological, thermal and biodegradable properties of different thermoplastic starch composites were also investigated. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.