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    Composition–structure mapping of fluorine–graphite intercalation compounds
    (2026-07-01)
    Maluangnont, Tosapol
    Fluorine–graphite intercalation compounds (FGICs) have been extensively studied for their enhanced conductivity, yet their reported composition–structure relationships remain scattered. Here, we present an empirical analysis of FGICs focusing on interlayer spacing dᵢ, carbon-to-fluorine ratio C/F, and stage number s, compiling literature data spanning multiple decades. Variations to graphite host (including highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, natural graphite, powder, fiber, mesophase pitch, microbead, and specialized carbon sources) and synthetic methods are also considered. Despite substantial variability in experimental protocols, the data (184 entries) collapse into three regimes across stages 1–4 with C/F ∼0.63–16.7 (71.5−8.6 wt%F). The dᵢ ∼4.4, ∼6.0, and ∼11.4 Å regimes have been interpreted in the literature as corresponding to fluorine nesting, semi-ionic fluorine intercalation, and graphite bi-intercalation structures, respectively. Other smaller subsets are also identified at dᵢ ∼5.5 Å (coexistence of planar sp2 C=C/puckered sp3 C−F), 6.0 Å (covalent C−F), and 7.8 Å (F<inf>2</inf> perpendicular to graphene sheets). This diversity reflects the anisotropic mechanical response of graphite: stiffness along the stacking direction constrains expansion, while in-plane softness accommodates compositional variation. We introduce V<inf>gal</inf> representing the available gallery volume (i.e., at the interlayer space) per carbon atom which does not require assumptions about fluorine size. This descriptor preserves such three regimes, whereas the traditional packing fraction varies widely and may exceed physically meaningful limits. Taken together, this work provides an interpretative classification of FGICs, consolidating insights into fluorine intercalation that are not evident from individual reports while helping place future FGICs within, and potentially extend, the known composition–structure landscape.
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    Performance of compositions with obsolete technologies: A case study for john cage's imaginary landscapes No. 1
    (2020-07-01)
    Ergener, Kerem
    This article outlines the research on how compositions made with old technology can be performed today. John Cage's Imaginary Landscapes No. 1 has taken as a case study and approaches on how to perform the piece has been investigated. Approaches can be taken for new compositions that uses electronic instruments carries at most importance for the composition's relevance for the following centuries. The discussion covers on the different approaches on investigating such piece for performance and how the most authentic performance can be achieved. This research is made through spectrum analyzes of period and modern recording and personal experience of performance.
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    A compositional breakage equation for wheat milling
    (2016-08-01)
    Galindez-Najera, S. P.
    ;
    Choomjaihan, P.
    ;
    Barron, C.
    ;
    Lullien-Pellerin, V.
    ;
    Campbell, G. M.
    The compositional breakage equation is derived, in which the distributions of botanical components following milling of wheat are defined in terms of compositional breakage functions and concentration functions. The forms of the underlying functions are determined using experimental data for Outer Pericarp, Intermediate Layer, Aleurone and Starchy Endosperm generated from spectroscopic analysis of milled fractions of a hard and a soft wheat milled under Sharp-to-Sharp (S-S) and Dull-to-Dull (D-D) dispositions. For the hard Mallacca wheat, the Outer Pericarp, Intermediate Layer and Aleurone compositions mostly varied with particle size in similar ways, consistent with these layers fusing together as "bran" and breaking together, although with possibly a subtle difference around the production of very fine particles under D-D milling. By contrast, for the soft Consort wheat, Outer Pericarp, Intermediate Layer and Aleurone were distributed in broken particles very differently, particularly under D-D milling, suggesting a different breakage mechanism associated with differences in the mechanical properties and adhesion of the bran layers. These new insights into the nature of wheat breakage and the contributions of the component tissues could have implications for wheat breeding and flour mill operation.
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    Positive effects of durian fruit at different stages of ripening on the hearts and livers of rats fed diets high in cholesterol
    (2011-09-01)
    Leontowicz, Hanna
    ;
    Leontowicz, Maria
    ;
    Jesion, Iwona
    ;
    Bielecki, Wojciech
    ;
    Poovarodom, Sumitra
    Aim of the study: Diets containing high cholesterol levels led to atherosclerosis damage in the livers and hearts of rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible positive effects of durian fruit against high-cholesterol diets. Materials and methods: Durians at various stages of ripening (young, mature, ripe and overripe) were chosen for in vitro and in vivo studies. In the in vivo study 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and supplemented with cholesterol and durians. The bioactivity in vitro, plasma lipids, antioxidant activity, liver enzymes and histopathology of the aorta and liver were analyzed. Results: Polyphenols and flavonoids were significantly higher in the overripe durian, while quercetin, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins were more abundant in the ripe fruit and tannins - in mature samples (P<0.05). The highest antioxidant potential was in overripe fruit and only the value of FRAP - in ripe durian samples (P<0.05). The interaction between polyphenol extracts of ripe durian and BSA had a strong ability comparable to that of quercetin - to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by forming complexes. The main histopathological changes were detected in the liver and aorta of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet without fruit supplementation. These changes were minor in rats of Chol/DRipe (P<0.05). Conclusion: Durian at different stages of ripening, especially ripe durian, constitute an excellent source of effective natural compounds with antioxidant and health-protective activity in general and liver and heart-protective effect in cholesterol fed rats in particular. © 2011 Elsevier GmbH.
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    Elemental composition of Thai rice and beans by instrumental neutron activation analysis
    (2009-01-01)
    Laoharojanaphand, S.
    ;
    Busamongkol, A.
    ;
    Chaiyasith, S.
    ;
    Permnamtip, V.
    ;
    Parengam, M.
    The nutrient value of Thai rice and bean in terms of minor and trace element content has been evaluated using INAA. Six varieties of rice and six of beans bought from three local markets in 2006-2007 were investigated under this study. Elemental compositions were determined using the comparator technique. Precision, accuracy and detection limits of each element found were also calculated. Three minor (Ca, K, Mg) and eight trace elements (Al, As, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were determined in these Thai foods. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.