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    Volatile Organic Compounds from Unexpected Sources: Fabric Softener-Initiated Emissions
    (2022-01-01)
    Chatsuvan, Thabtim
    ;
    Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph
    ;
    Morris, John
    ;
    Ongwandee, Maneerat
    A fabric softener is usually applied to laundry during a rinse stage. It is composed of surfactants, solvents and others, which can escape into the air and cause adverse effects. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fabrics conditioned with liquid fabric softener were measured and compared with those unconditioned and conditioned with water. Undyed, naturally-and chemically-dyed silks, cotton, polyester, Tetron cotton (T/C) and rayon fabrics were tested. The test fabrics were cut into 15×40 mm rectangles and equilibrated for 24 hr at 30 °C in 20 ml vials. The emitted VOCs in the vial air were sampled, using a solid phase microextraction technique and then analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Alkanes and toluene were mostly detected from the unconditioned fabrics. Toluene was emitted from machine woven fabrics – cotton, polyester, T/C and rayon-but not detected in the hand-woven silk. The fabrics emitted total VOCs per unit projected surface area in the range of 1-9 µg/m2 as toluene equivalent. Water-washing reduced emissions by 4-55%, whereas the fabric softener treatment increased emissions by 10-163% from the water-treated ones, except for the undyed silk. The most commonly emitted VOCs, from the fabrics treated with the fabric softener, were ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, nonanal, d-limonene and eucalyptol – compounds used to enhance fragrance. This demonstrated that fabric softeners contribute to the release of several VOCs mixtures that did not originate from the fabric itself.
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    The effects of operating conditions and the biomass component on combustion efficiency and emission performance of a swirling fluidized-bed combustor fired using
    (2021-01-01)
    Udomsup, Janya
    ;
    Choomjaihan, Prasan
    This work presents a study for biomass possible to bring renewable energy in a swirling fluidized bed combustor (SFBC). The main objective of this experimental work was to study the biomass component and excess air of biomass. Palmyra palm shell, Leucaena (lam.), and water hyacinth are using as fuel in the tests. Quartz sand of 600-850 µm and static bed height of 20 cm was used as inert bed material. For all of the tests, the feed rate was fixed as 45 kg h<sup>-1</sup> for variable excess air (of 40%, 60% and 80%). As the experimental results, the temperature profiles in SFBC were obviously seen deviate when tests with higher excess air. In the test run, the highest cellulose (palmyra palm shell) for 80% excess air had CO and NO emissions were found in quite stable level (less than 250 and 300 ppm, respectively). The combustion efficiency more than 99% could be achieved in this work.
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    Effect of additives on fuel properties and emission characteristics of micromulsion biofuels from palm oil
    (2017-07-12)
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Lumyong, Pichit
    ;
    Wichadee, Sasiwimon
    ;
    Khaodhiar, Sutha
    ;
    Sarikprueck, Piampoom
    Microemulsiflcation is one of the novel techniques to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils to avoid durability problems in diesel engines. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase mixtures of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants. Additives have also been included in microemulsion biofuel formulations to improve their stability and fuel properties; however, there is limited research on the effect of additives on emission characteristics of microemulsion biofuels. In this study, microemulsion biofuels were formulated from palm oil/diesel blend (1:1 v/v), ethanol, surfactant, and co-surfactants. Five additives, ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DEGEE), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to study the effect of additives on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. The results showed that studied additives could improve some fuel properties of microemulsion biofuels with negligible effect on phase stability. Additionally, it was found that carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with DEGEE and EA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with all additives were lower than those from diesel and biodiesel. Therefore, DEGEE and EA can be considered as promising additives for microemulsion biofuel formulations, which can improve fuel properties as well as can significantly reduce CO and NO<inf>x</inf> emissions below the levels of diesel and biodiesel. These encouraging results offer options of additives for biofuel applications.
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