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Ultrasonic emulsification of Cananga odorata nanoemulsion formulation for enhancement of herbicidal potential
(2025-12-01)
Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Somala, Naphat
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Dimak, Jantra
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Teerarak, Montinee
;
Chotsaeng, Nawasit
A nanoemulsion was fabricated from Cananga odorata essential oil (EO) and stabilized by incorporation of Tween 80 using ultrasonication. The major constituents of the EO were benzyl benzoate, linalool, and phenylmethyl ester. Differing sonication amplitude (20–60%) and time (2–10 min) were assessed for effects on nanoemulsion droplet size and polydispersity index (PI). The smallest droplet size of 43.98 nm (PI 0.222) was obtained using 40% amplitude for 8 min; this nanoemulsion was evaluated for its droplet characteristics and pre-emergence herbicidal activities on Amaranthus tricolor. FT-IR confirmed ultrasonic emulsification to not affect the EO components. Regarding stability, storage at 4 °C was determined appropriate, with droplet size changing slightly after five weeks. Assays of herbicidal potential showed the coarse emulsion and nanoemulsion to both reduce A. tricolor germination and growth, with the nanoemulsion being more effective at a given concentration and the difference in effectivity correlating to droplet size. Remarkably, treatment with 250 ppm nanoemulsion and coarse emulsion respectively resulted in 100% and 63.75% germination inhibition. Both emulsions decreased seed imbibition and alpha-amylase activity. The highest relative electrolyte leakage was achieved in seed treated with the nanoemulsion. Therefore, this ultrasonic-based nanoemulsion may have utility as bioherbicide alternative.
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Development of a Melia azedarach L. based natural herbicide: formulation and efficacy studies
(2025-08-01)
Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Charoenying, Patchanee
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Sikhao, Potjana
This study evaluated the phytotoxic activity of Melia azedarach L. leaf extract against Echinochloa crus-galli and Phaseolus lathyroides. Crude extracts were obtained using sequential solvent separation, of which the dichloromethane fraction exhibited the highest phytotoxicity for both weed species. However, P. lathyroides appeared more sensitive to the extracts compared to E. crus-galli. GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane crude extract identified phytol (29.14 %), linolenic acid (21.74 %), and palmitic acid (7.20 %) as the main chemical components. Three formulations, a soluble liquid (SL), pellet, and wettable powder, were developed and evaluated for their effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The SL formulation showed the highest efficacy in inhibiting germination (p < 0.05). Further testing of its pre-emergence utility via soil application in greenhouse conditions confirmed the herbicidal efficacy, effectively suppressing P. lathyroides emergence (36.8 % over control) and reducing growth parameters. Mechanistic assays showed the SL product to affect seed imbibition, α-amylase activity, and cell division in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting these as potential mechanisms of action. This study highlights the potential of a M. azedarach-based SL product as an alternative to synthetic herbicides, potentially leading to the development of a new botanical herbicide.
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Bioassay-Guided Extraction and Isolation of Natural Herbicides from Dried Zanthoxylum limonella Alston Fruits
(2025-01-01)
Chotpatiwetchkul, Warot
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Charoenying, Patchanee
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Teerarak, Montinee
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Meesin, Jatuporn
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Jongkon, Nathjanan
Weeds are problematic plant species around the world. Various strategies exist for controlling weeds, but chemical treatment remains the preferred method, particularly when using natural substances. In this research, a crude aqueous-methanol extract from dried Zanthoxylum limonella fruits was acid-base partitioned into four fractions: neutral extract (NE), acid extract (AE), basic extract (BE), and aqueous extract (AQ). These fractions were further separated into seventeen subfractions: NEF1 to NEF7, AEF1 to AEF5, and BEF1 to BEF5, which were then tested for herbicidal activity against the growth of Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Active subfractions were isolated via column chromatography and identified using spectroscopic methods, yielding seven active compounds: xanthoxyline (1), tambulin (2), atanine (3), prudomestin (4), skimmianine (5), p-methoxybenzoic acid (6), and methyl caffeate (7). Compounds 2–7 had not been previously reported in Z. limonella. Xanthoxyline (1) was identified as the most potent botanical herbicide, fully inhibiting seed germination of Chinese amaranth and barnyard grass. This compound also decreased seed imbibition and α-amylase activity in both species. Molecular docking studies on the α-amylase enzyme (PDB ID: 1BG9) revealed that the aromatic, hydroxy, and carbonyl groups of xanthoxyline (1) interact with the enzyme's active sites.
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The effect of microfludization on characteristics and herbicidal potential of peppermint nanoemulsion on Amaranthus tricolor
(2024-01-01)
Dimak, J.
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Somala, N.
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Laosinwattana, C.
;
Teerarak, M.
The natural herbicides are friendly environment and human health. Peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-energy emulsification method using microfluidization with a non-ionic surfactant Tween 60 and was used to inhibit germination of Amaranthus tricolor seeds. Droplet size of the nanoemulsion was reduced by increasing the pressure of microfluidization from 5000 to 20000 psi (from 130.2 to 69.8 nm). The highest pressure (20000 psi) found the smallest droplet size of the nanoemulsion that droplet size, PI value, and zeta potential were 69.8 nm, 0.277, and -44.17 mV, respectively. Also, each pressure formulation (5000, 10000, 15000, and 20000 psi) was evaluated for the pre-emergence herbicidal activities namely inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth, seed imbibition, and a-amylase of Amaranthus tricolor seed. The obtained results of herbicidal activities correlated with droplet size that the herbicidal activities increased when increasing the pressure of microfluidization. The nanoemulsion formulation of pressure at 20000 psi treatment solution showed the highest herbicidal activities. Thus, these results may promote the optimized nanoemulsion from peppermint essential oil using a microfluidization method as a natural pre-emergence herbicide to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of A. tricolor.
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Effects of natural herbicide from tagetes erecta on echinochloa crus-galli (L.) beauv
(2018-01-01)
Wichittrakarn, P.
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Teerarak, M.
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Charoenying, P.
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Laosinwattana, C.
We studied the inhibitory effects of leaves extracts of Tagetes erecta on weed-seed germination and the mechanisms involved. Hydroethanolic crude extract (OR) from Tagetes erecta dried leaves was partitioned into four fractions: hydrolyzed (HY), aqueous (AQ), neutral (NE) and acidic (AE). The inhibitory effects of crude extracts and its fractions were evaluated on germination and seedlings growth of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of each fraction were also determined. Germination and seedling growth were drastically inhibited by HY and AE followed by NE, OR and AQ. The HY and AE fractions had higher concentrations of both phenolics and flavonoids than other fractions. The HY fraction was selected as most potent for development as natural herbicide due to its high yield and strong inhibitory effects. The HY fraction was formulated into a soluble concentrate product (SCT) and its inhibition potential and modes of action were investigated. The SCT drastically inhibited the seed germination of E. crus-galli, inhibiting both imbibition, α-amylase activity and also seedling growth. Cytogenetic bioassays of SCT on root-tip cells of Allium cepa L. showed that it inhibited the mitosis and thereby the cell division. It is likely that a natural herbicide may be developed from the hydrolyzed fraction of a hydroethanolic extract of Mexican marigold leaves.

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