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Effect of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted by BioChar from the Rubber Sheets Processing Sewage Sludge Combustion
(2023-10-01)
Lakachaiworakun, Putipong
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Dangwilailux, Panya
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Eakvanich, Visit
;
Kalasee, Wachara
The total particle mass concentration, size distribution, pH form, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) value, the concentration of total Benzo[a]pyrene Toxic Equivalence (BaPTE) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) of smoke particles from the rubber sheets processing sewage sludge biochar burning were studied. In this work, the temperature was measured at 500 mm above the fire base by using K-type thermocouples and a continuously data logger. The result showed that the measured temperature value increased when decreasing the biochar moisture content. The highest average total smoke particle mass concentration values at the initial burning time was found to be 17.53 to 35.27 mg/m3 and then it was persistently reduced until the 60th minute, when the burning was stopped. The pH of biochar's smoke particles was higher than it was before combustion. The total smoke particle mass concentration, the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and PAHs values decreased with increasing burning period and decreased the biochar moisture content. The largest BaPTE emission was observed at the highest moisture content, which was within the range of the greatest particle mass (less than 0.43 micron) in an initial combustion period. This value was about 60% that of a given the total value of BaPTE concentration. Meanwhile, the amount of PAHs, the BaPTE concentration and WSOC were depended on the smoke particle number, moisture content and combustion period.
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Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Thailand’s deep south by principal component analysis and impact of transboundary haze
(2023-08-01)
Chaisongkaew, Phatsarakorn
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Dejchanchaiwong, Racha
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Inerb, Muanfun
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Mahasakpan, Napawan
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Nim, Nobchonnee
Atmospheric particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micron (PM<inf>2.5</inf>) was evaluated at four sites in the lower southern part of Thailand during 2019–2020 to understand the impact of PM<inf>2.5</inf> transport from peatland fires in Indonesia on air quality during the southwest monsoon season. Mass concentration and chemical bound-PM, including carbon composition, e.g., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic elements, were analyzed. The PM<inf>2.5</inf> emission sources were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). The average mass concentrations of PM<inf>2.5</inf> in the normal period, which represents clean background air, from four sites was 3.5–5.1 µg/m3, whereas during the haze period, it rose to 5.4–13.5 µg/m3. During the haze period, both OC and EC were 3.5 times as high as in the normal period. The average total PAHs and BaP-TEQ of PM<inf>2.5</inf> during the haze period were ~ 1.3–1.7 and ~ 1.2–1.9 times higher than those in the normal period. The K concentrations significantly increased during haze periods. SO<inf>4</inf>2− dominated throughout the year. The effects of external sources, especially the transboundary haze from peatland fires, were significantly enhanced, because the background air in the study locations was generally clean. PCA indicated that vehicle emission, local biomass burning, and secondary particles played a key role during normal period, whereas open biomass burning dominated during the haze phenomena. This was consistent with the OC/EC and PAH diagnostic ratios. Backward trajectories confirmed that the sources of PM during the haze period were predominantly peatland fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, due to southwest wind.
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Smoke particle, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalence emitted by palm oil sewage sludge bio‐char combustion
(2021-09-01)
Kalasee, Wachara
;
Dangwilailux, Panya
The size distribution, total particle mass concentration (TPMC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) value, and total Benzo[a]pyrene Toxic Equivalence (BaPTE) concentration of smoke particles from palm oil sewage sludge (POSS) bio‐char combustion were studied. In this experiment, temperature data of the POSS bio‐char combustion were recorded in two parts: particle temperature (Tp) by using a two‐color pyrometer and temperature at 300, 500 and 800 mm, respectively, above the fire base by using K‐type thermocouples. The POSS bio‐char moisture content, clean air speed values, and burning period affected the change of temperature above the fire base. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) values of the POSS bio‐char combustion were found to be 0.44 to 1.05 micron at various moisture contents and burning periods. The MMAD, TPMC, and PAHs values increased with increasing moisture content and decreased the POSS biochar combustion period. For the total BaPTE values, the results showed that the decrease in moisture content of the POSS bio‐char samples had a prime influence in decreasing the total BaPTE values. Meanwhile, with decreases in the clean air speed values, the total BaPTE values were increased. Comparing the total BaPTE data between the experimental results and predicted values, the first‐degree model had a better fit in predicting than the zero‐degree model; this result was confirmed by the higher mean of the coefficient of determination.
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Size distribution, characterization and risk assessment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during haze periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand
(2017-11-01)
Pooltawee, Jaturaporn
;
Pimpunchat, Busayamas
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Junyapoon, Suwannee
This study aims to investigate the concentrations and distributions of particulate matters and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) in different inhalable fractions during haze periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand and identify their possible emission sources through the characteristic ratios of selected PAHs, then determine an estimate of the potential lung cancer risk. The particulate samples were collected during haze periods between February 18 and April 8, 2014 and non-haze period from June 17 to 22, 2014 using an eight-stage cascade impactor. Each filter sample was weighed, ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile, and then analyzed by SIM-GC-MS to identify 16 PAHs. The experimental results show that the concentrations of ultrafine (d<inf>ae</inf> < 0.4 μm), fine (0.4 μm < d<inf>ae</inf> < 2.1 μm), and coarse (d<inf>ae</inf> > 2.1 μm) particles during haze periods were in the range of 14.98–26.52 μg m−3, 62.57–101.52 μg m−3, and 55.27–89.68 μg m−3, respectively; whereas, their concentrations of 16 PAHs were in the range of 7.82–36.06 ng m−3, 26.66–61.89 ng m−3, and 9.35–30.93 ng m−3, respectively. The p-PAH distribution profiles during the haze periods were bimodal in coarse and accumulation modes, which are closely related to their particle size distributions. The characteristic ratios of BaP/BgP and INP/(BgP+InP) adsorbed on ultrafine and fine particles were 0.81–0.88 and 0.38–0.86 and 0.54–0.57 and 0.44–0.52, respectively. The values of B[a]P<inf>eq</inf> observed during haze periods varied from 9.57 to 29.05 ng m−3. Estimated lifetime cancer risks during haze periods ranged from 8.324 to 25.27 additional cases per 10,000 people exposed, which is about 10 times higher than that during non-haze period.

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