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Utilization of micro-snail Stenothyra species as a co-feed for giant tiger prawn
(2026-06-01)
Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Pinphoo, Piyarat
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Thuamsuwan, Worachet
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Janeauksorn, Kittipong
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Meethong, Grissada
Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) is one of the most commercially important species in global intensive shrimp aquaculture. However, rising fishmeal prices have driven increases in feed costs, prompting some farmers to use lower-quality feeds, which can negatively affect shrimp growth performance. Natural micro-snails, such as Stenothyra sp., have been identified as potential co-feeds for P. monodon. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Stenothyra sp. as a co-feed on the growth performance and feed efficiency of P. monodon. Juvenile shrimp were assigned to two treatment groups (n = 20 per group): control (fed artificial pellets) and co-feed (fed artificial pellets supplemented with live micro-snails). The specific growth rate was higher in the co-feed group (8.4 ± 0.11% per day) than that in the control group (7.2 ± 0.34% per day). The final body weight was approximately 61% higher in the co-feed group than that in the control group. Similarly, feed efficiency (119.6 ± 2.73% vs. 77.5 ± 2.90%) and total protein intake (6.8 ± 0.17 g vs. 1.7 ± 0.06 g) were significantly higher in the co-feed group than those in the control group, indicating better feed and nutrient utilization following Stenothyra sp. supplementation. In conclusion, under the tested conditions, providing Stenothyra sp. as a co-feed improved growth performance and feed efficiency in juvenile P. monodon, possibly due to increased total protein intake. Overall, this study presents an innovative co-feeding strategy with potential benefits; however, its broader practical and economic implications require further evaluation.
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Role of cyclophilin A as an immunostimulator in responses to Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND infection in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon
(2025-11-01)
Towittayapanchai, Pornsawan
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Ponprateep, Sirikwan
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Supungul, Premruethai
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Tang, Sureerat
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Jaree, Phattarunda
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a highly conserved peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that plays a crucial role in protein folding, immune regulation, and cellular stress responses. In shrimp, CypA has been implicated in innate immunity, particularly in response to viral and bacterial infections. This study investigates the role of the Penaeus monodon cyclophilin A (PmCypA) in shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus AHPND (VP<inf>AHPND</inf>). During VP<inf>AHPND</inf> infection, the expression levels of PmCypA gene and PmCypA protein were significantly increased at 24 h post-infection (h.p.i.) in shrimp hemocyte. To investigate the role of PmCypA in shrimp immune response, shrimp were administrated with the recombinant PmCypA protein (rPmCypA) and submerged in VP<inf>AHPND</inf> suspension. The results showed that the rPmCypA could rapidly stimulate the expression of immune-related genes involved in several immune pathways, such as immune recognition receptors, clotting system, phagocytosis and homeostasis. Moreover, the injected rPmCypA led to an increase in the proportion of hyaline cells and the greater quantity of granulocytes that contained PmCypA. Furthermore, the rPmCypA could prolong shrimp survival during VP<inf>AHPND</inf> infection. These results suggest that the PmCypA is a bacterial-responsive gene in shrimp immune defense response and potentially an immunostimulator in shrimp.
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Antiviral properties of Penaeus monodon cyclophilin A in response to white spot syndrome virus infection in the black tiger shrimp
(2024-01-01)
Vatanavicharn, Tipachai
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Matjank, Watchalaya
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Masrinoul, Promsin
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Supungul, Premruethai
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Tassanakajon, Anchalee
Cyclophilin A (CypA) or peptidylprolyl isomerase A, plays an important role in protein folding, trafficking, environmental stress, cell signaling and apoptosis etc. In shrimp, the mRNA expression level of PmCypA was stimulated by LPS. In this study, all three types of shrimp hemocytes: hyaline cell, granulocyte and semi-granulocyte expressed the PmCypA protein. The mRNA expression level of PmCypA was found to be up-regulate to four-fold in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected hemocytes at 48 h. Interestingly, PmCypA protein was only detected extracellularly in shrimp plasma at 24 h post WSSV infection. To find out the function of extracellular PmCypA, the recombinant PmCypA (rPmCypA) was produced and administrated in shrimp primary hemocyte cell culture to observe the antiviral properties. In rPmCypA-administrated hemocyte cell culture, the mRNA transcripts of WSSV intermediate early gene, ie1 and early gene, wsv477 were significantly decreased but not that of late gene, vp28. To explore the antiviral mechanism of PmCypA, the expression of PmCypA in shrimp hemocytes was silenced and the expression of immune-related genes were investigated. Surprisingly, the suppression of PmCypA affected other gene expression, decreasing of penaeidin, PmHHAP and PmCaspase and increasing of C-type lectin. Our results suggested that the PmCypA might plays important role in anti-WSSV via apoptosis pathway. Further studies of PmCypA underlying antiviral mechanism are underway to show its biological function in shrimp immunity.
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Plasmolipin, PmPLP1, from Penaeus monodon is a potential receptor for yellow head virus infection
(2018-11-01)
Matjank, Watchalaya
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Ponprateep, Sirikwan
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Rimphanitchayakit, Vichien
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Tassanakajon, Anchalee
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Somboonwiwat, Kunlaya
Plasmolipin has been characterized as a cell entry receptor for mouse endogenous retrovirus. In black tiger shrimp, two isoforms of plasmolipin genes, PmPLP1 and PmPLP2, have been identified from the Penaeus monodon EST database. The PmPLP1 is highly up-regulated in yellow head virus (YHV)-infected shrimp. Herein, the function of PmPLP1 is shown to be involved in YHV infection. The immunoblotting and immunolocalization showed that the PmPLP1 protein was highly expressed and located at the plasma membrane of gills from YHV-infected shrimp. Moreover, the PmPLP1 expressed in the Sf9 insect cells resided at the cell membrane rendering the cells more susceptible to YHV infection. Using the ELISA binding and mortality assays, the synthetic external loop of PmPLP1 was shown to bind the purified YHV and neutralize the virus resulting in the decrease in YHV infection. Our results suggested that the PmPLP1 was likely a receptor of YHV in shrimp.
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Shrimp miRNAs regulate innate immune response against white spot syndrome virus infection
(2016-07-01)
Kaewkascholkul, Napol
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Somboonviwat, Kulwadee
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Asakawa, Shuichi
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Hirono, Ikuo
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Tassanakajon, Anchalee
MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs of RNA interference pathways that regulate gene expression through partial complementary base-pairing to target mRNAs. In this study, miRNAs that are expressed in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected Penaeus monodon, were identified using next generation sequencing. Forty-six miRNA homologs were identified from WSSV-infected shrimp hemocyte. Stem-loop real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that 11 out of 16 selected miRNAs were differentially expressed upon WSSV infection. Of those, pmo-miR-315 and pmo-miR-750 were highly responsive miRNAs. miRNA target prediction revealed that the miRNAs were targeted at 5'UTR, ORF, and 3'UTR of several immune-related genes such as genes encoding antimicrobial peptides, signaling transduction proteins, heat shock proteins, oxidative stress proteins, proteinases or proteinase inhibitors, proteins in blood clotting system, apoptosis-related proteins, proteins in prophenoloxidase system, pattern recognition proteins and other immune molecules. The highly conserved miRNA homolog, pmo-bantam, was characterized for its function in shrimp. The pmo-bantam was predicted to target the 3'UTR of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KuSPI). Binding of pmo-bantam to the target sequence of KuSPI gene was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. Correlation of pmo-bantam and KuSPI expression was observed in lymphoid organ of WSSV-infected shrimp. These results implied that miRNAs might play roles as immune gene regulators in shrimp antiviral response.
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Waterborne and cannibalism-mediated transmission of the Yellow head virus in Penaeus monodon
(2015-02-01)
Hamano, K.
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Miyoshi, T.
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Aue-umneoy, D.
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Srisapoome, P.
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Maeno, Y.
Disease outbreaks caused by yellow head virus (YHV) can result in significant economic losses for shrimp aquaculture; however, little is known about how YHV is transmitted. Here we evaluate the role of direct and indirect contact with YHV among Penaeus monodon. One in 3 specimens released into 5 experimental tanks was inoculated with the virus, and 100. μm-filtered water from each tank was allowed to circulate through another tank containing an additional set of 3 naive P. monodon. All of the injected shrimps died within 4. d; 9 of the 10 shrimps cohabitating with them died within 10. d. Only 5 of the 15 shrimps in the water-exposed tanks died within 14. d. As determined by RT-nested PCR, YHV infection was also lower among shrimp exposed to water. To assess the potential of moribund shrimp to transmit disease, gill samples from individuals inoculated with YHV at either 12. h or 24. h after the onset of the first obvious signs of morbidity were injected into naïve P. monodon housed in individual tanks. Over a 30-d period following inoculation, the mortality rate was higher among shrimps injected with 12. h gill extracts than in those injected with 24. h gill extracts. Taken together, these data suggest that cannibalism of moribund shrimps presents a far greater potential to transmit the yellow head disease than does water exposure alone. Removing moribund shrimps as soon as morbidity becomes evident could represent an efficient measure to reduce YHV transmission and disease outbreaks.
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Two plasmolipins from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon and their response to virus pathogens
(2012-01-01)
Vatanavicharn, Tipachai
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Pongsomboon, Siriporn
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Tassanakajon, Anchalee
Two isoforms of plasmolipin were initially identified from the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) EST database and completed using 5' RACE to reveal complete cDNAs of 558. bp (PmPLP1) and 537. bp (PmPLP2) with 87% nucleotide sequence identity. The deduced amino acid sequences contained four-transmembrane domains and showed the highest amino acid identity (49% and 51%, respectively) to the honey bee (Apis mellifera) chemokine-like factor (CKLF), with a very similar hydrophobic pattern to other plasmolipins. Transcripts of PmPLP1 and PmPLP2 were observed in all tested shrimp tissues with the highest expression levels in the gill and epipodite for PmPLP1 and in the hemocytes and antennal gland for PmPLP2. PmPLP1 transcript levels were significantly upregulated in hemocytes at 24 and 72. h post infection (hpi) with yellow head virus (YHV) (7.4- and 14.7- fold, respectively), but only after 72. hpi by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In contrast, PmPLP2 was only slightly (but statistically significant) up-regulated with YHV and WSSV. Thus, PmPLPs have the potential to be a part of viral infection mechanism or defense response. This is the first characterization of a plasmolipin gene in crustaceans. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
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Growth of giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, under co-culture with a discarded filamentous seaweed, Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing, at an aquarium-scale
(2010-06-01)
Tsutsui, Isao
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Kanjanaworakul, Poonmanee
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Srisapoome, Prapansak
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Aue-umneoy, Dusit
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Hamano, Kaoru
Growth of juvenile giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, was evaluated at an aquarium-scale in co-culture with a discarded filamentous seaweed, Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing. Juveniles at different ages in days were examined, designated as J 16, J 44, J 58, J 93 and J 128, where a 1-day-old juvenile (J 1) is equivalent to a 20-day-old post-larva (PL 20)). Juveniles at every age group grazed directly on live C. ligustica, even those fed an artificial shrimp diet to satiation. Mean specific growth rate (SGR: % day-1) was higher in early age juveniles. Compared to mono-culture, significant differences in growth were observed at J 16 (4.44% day-1) and J 44 (1.60% day-1); however, no significant differences were recorded at J 58 (1.16% day-1), J 93 (0.75% day-1) or J 128 (0.45% day-1). It was concluded that co-culture of giant tiger prawn with C. ligustica has a dietary advantage, especially in early age juveniles. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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Cloning and characterization of a melanization inhibition protein (PmMIP) of the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon
(2010-01-01)
Angthong, Pacharaporn
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Watthanasurorot, Apiruk
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Klinbunga, Sirawut
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Ruangdej, Uscharee
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Söderhäll, Irene
Melanization is an important component of the innate immune responses in invertebrates and it is essential for defense against invading microorganism. Melanin formation, which is a result of activation of the so called prophenoloxidase activating system, needs to be controlled due to the dangerous effects of quinones and melanin which are produced during the process of melanization. Here, a cDNA for a melanization inhibition protein (MIP), named PmMIP, was identified from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon by RT-PCR using degenerated oligonucleotide primers and RACE-PCR. The complete sequence significantly matched MIP of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (PlMIP). PmMIP contains an N-terminal signal peptide and a fibrinogen related domain (FReD). RT-PCR was applied to examine the expression profiles of PmMIP in various tissues of juvenile P. monodon. PmMIP was expressed in all examined tissues except hemocytes and at very low levels in hepatopancreas and ovaries. The expression of this gene was very low during the larval stages and hardly present in egg and at the nauplius stage. A time-course expression analysis of PmMIP upon Vibrio harveyi challenge at protein levels in plasma was determined. The result shows that MIP protein in plasma was induced at 6. h and disappeared at 12 and 24. h and then the protein reappeared at 48 and 72. h post injection. These results suggest that upon bacterial infection the PmMIP protein is first released from tissues into hemolymph and then degraded to allow melanization to occur for fighting against bacteria. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

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