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    Blockchain-Based Smart Renewable Energy: Review of Operational and Transactional Challenges
    (2022-07-01)
    Nepal, Jagdish Prasad
    ;
    Yuangyai, Nuttaya
    ;
    Gyawali, Saroj
    ;
    Yuangyai, Chumpol
    Blockchain has peculiar characteristics among various digital technologies due to its decentralised and cryptographic properties. The combination of intelligent energy systems and blockchain can innovate new forms of transactive energy and navigate the digital journey to transform the future of renewable energy systems. This review studies various blockchain implementations in the smart energy domain and presents the findings on operational and transactional challenges in a blockchain-based smart renewable energy system. We also identify the differences between operations and transactions in smart energy systems. Furthermore, we identify the most pronounced cryptocurrencies in different studies. The findings highlighted various challenges concerning the implementation of blockchain-based smart energy systems. We identified how these challenges spawn across operational and transactional deliverables. Building on these findings, we discuss various challenges impacting the operational and transactional domains, which we believe have significant value for researchers, practitioners, policy makers, entrepreneurs, and start-ups. It will provide long-term benefits to humankind in fulfilling energy requirements, promoting sustainable energy use by developing countermeasures to combat identified challenges and leveraging the optimal use of blockchain technology.
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    Design of Blockchain Technology-based Transcript and Analyzing Management Model for International Students
    (2022-01-01)
    Ge, Dong
    ;
    Wang, Tianyu
    ;
    Lin, Wei
    ;
    Chen, Wei
    ;
    Chen, Jian
    With globalization, asymmetric information among international students' academic performance and qualifications, lack information transparency, bloated management bodies, high verification costs, and difficulties in fraud risk management are currently limiting the advancement of internationalization and standardization. These risks and problems also raise questions about the development of IT systems in the education administration and industry as well. Thus, by combining the study of international students' study results and academic records, we design a blockchain-based study transcript and academic information system concept and architecture with the use of blockchain technology. The result helps to develop business models and authentication features in related fields, set up a rigorous environment, optimize existing processes and rules, and lay a technical and data foundation for the development of international students' study transcripts and academic authentication.
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    PEX: Privacy-Preserved, Multi-Tier Exchange Framework for Cross Platform Virtual Assets Trading
    (2020-01-01)
    Sangpetch, Akkarit
    ;
    Sangpetch, Orathai
    In traditional virtual asset trading market, several risks, e.g. scams, cheating users, and market reach, have been pushed to users (sellers/buyers). Users need to decide who to trust; otherwise, no business. This fact impedes the growth of virtual asset trading market. In the past few years, several virtual asset marketplaces have embraced blockchain and smart contract technology to alleviate such risks, while trying to address privacy and scalability issues. To attain both speed and non-repudiation property for all transactions, existing blockchain-based exchange systems still cannot fully accomplish. In real-life trading, users use traditional contract to provide non-repudiation to achieve accountability in all committed transactions, so-called thorough non-repudiation. This is essential when dispute happens. To achieve similar thorough non-repudiation as well as privacy and scalability, we propose PEX, Privacy-preserved, multi-tier EXchange framework for cross platform virtual assets trading. PEX creates a smart contract for each virtual asset trading request. The key to address the challenges is to devise two-level distributed ledgers with two different types of quorums where one is for public knowledge in a global ledger and the other is for confidential information in a private ledger. A private quorum is formed to process individual smart contract and record the transactions in a private distributed ledger in order to maintain privacy. Smart contract execution checkpoints will be continuously written in a global ledger to strengthen thorough non-repudiation. PEX smart contract can be executed in parallel to promote scalability. PEX is also equipped with our reputation-based network to track contribution and discourage malicious behavior nodes or users, building healthy virtual asset ecosystem.
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