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    Analysis of the Pomelo Peel Essential Oils at Different Storage Durations Using a Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic on Intact Fruit
    (2024-08-01)
    Sirisomboon, Panmanas
    ;
    Duangchang, Jittra
    ;
    Phanomsophon, Thitima
    ;
    Lapcharoensuk, Ravipat
    ;
    Shrestha, Bim Prasad
    Pomelo fruit pulp mainly is consumed fresh and with very little processing, and its peels are discarded as biological waste, which can cause the environmental problems. The peels contain several bioactive chemical compounds, especially essential oils (EOs). The content of a specific EO is important for the extraction process in industry and in research units such as breeding research. The explanation of the biosynthesis pathway for EO generation and change was included. The chemical bond vibration affected the prediction of EO constituents was comprehensively explained by regression coefficient plots and x-loading plots. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) is a prominent rapid technique used for fruit quality assessment. This research work was focused on evaluating the use of VIS/NIRS to predict the composition of EOs found in the peel of the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. cv Kao Nam Pueng) following storage. The composition of the peel oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at storage durations of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days (at 10 °C and 70% relative humidity). The relationship between the NIR spectral data and the major EO components found in the peel, including nootkatone, geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene, were established using the raw spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Preprocessing of the raw spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) or second derivative preprocessing. The PLS model of nootkatone with full MSC had the highest correlation coefficient between the predicted and reference values (r = 0.82), with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.11% and bias of 0.01%, while the models of geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene provided too low r values of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The nootkatone model is only appropriate for use in screening and some other approximate calibrations, though this is the first report of the use of NIR spectroscopy on intact fruit measurement for its peel EO constituents during cold storage.
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    Chemical Analysis and Bioactivities of Gaultheria procumbens L. Essential Oil: Herbicidal, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities
    (2023-03-02)
    Jintanasirinurak, Sumonrat
    ;
    Manichart, Nutcha
    ;
    Somala, Naphat
    ;
    Laosinwattana, Chamroon
    ;
    Teerarak, Montinee
    The chemical composition of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) essential oil (WEO) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for its biological activities. Methyl salicylate (100%) was the main compound in the wintergreen essential oil. The herbicidal efficacy of the WEO was confirmed by germination inhibition, radical and shoot length reduction, and phytotoxicity assessment with Echinochloa crus–galli and Amaranthus tricolor seedlings. The WEO significantly reduced the germination and seedling growth of both weeds. It showed highly significant inhibition of seed germination (93.37%) and seedling growth of A. tricolor at the highest dose (6 µL/petri dish) assayed. The WEO was formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC-EO) for post-emergence application, and was applied at a range of concentrations from 10 to 80 mL/L. Both treated plant leaves appeared wilted and slightly discolored within 1 day of application (DAA). The visible weed control efficacy was most remarkable at 80 mL/L treatment, which was a level that ultimately killed the seedlings of both species at 3 DAA, suggesting promising herbicidal potential for the WEO. The WEO showed weak scavenging activity with a high IC<inf>50</inf> value (IC<inf>50</inf> >2×10<sup>4</sup> and >5×10<sup>4</sup> ppm) for DPPH scavenging and metal chelating assays, respectively. The WEO showed moderate antibacterial activity, and its zones of inhibition against bacterial test strains were 7.90±0.8 mm and 23.9±0.9 mm for Escherichia coli TISTR 780 and Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest the possibility of using WEO as an active ingredient to produce natural herbicides.
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    Effect of peppermint essential oil fumigation on seed quality of green soybean cultivar KPS292 after storage
    (2023-02-01)
    Yonsawad, N.
    ;
    Teerarak, M.
    Seed storage conditions can determine germination characteristics and vigor potential of seeds. The present study aimed to test the effect of different storage conditions on seed germination in green soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) 'KPS292'. Five methods of green soybean seed storage were examined: (1) untreated seeds were kept in refrigerator at 4°C (controlled conditions), (2) seeds fumigated with peppermint essential oil were kept in vacuum packed bags or (3) plastic boxes at room temperature, and (4) seeds fumigated with distilled water were kept in vacuum packed bags or (5) plastic boxes at room temperature. Results indicate that seeds stored at 4°C for six months exhibited the highest seed germination rates. No significant difference in germination rates of fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and kept in vacuum packed bag and fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and stored in plastic box was found compared to seed storage at 4°C. In addition, seed storage at 4°C showed the lowest electrolyte leakage from seeds, which did not differ from seeds fumigated with the peppermint essential oil that were kept in a vacuum-packed bag. For 12-month seed storage, all seed storage methods showed seed germination rates of <50%. Growth characteristics and yield performances were also determined under field conditions. All seed storage methods had no significant effects on plant height. Seed storage methods at 4°C, fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and kept in vacuum packed bag, and fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and stored in plastic box showed similar effects on plant height, plant biomass, node number per plant, pod number per plant, and seed yield per plant. On the other hand, the yield of seeds stored in plastic boxes was found to have decreased.