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    Embedded Intelligent Reactive Power Control for Distributed Controllable Loads to Support Grid Voltage Considering Islanding Conditions
    (2025-01-01)
    Surinkaew, Tossaporn
    ;
    Pinthurat, Watcharakorn
    ;
    Yang, Jun
    ;
    Ngamroo, Issarachai
    The increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) along with distributed controllable loads (DCLs), presents significant challenges for maintaining grid stability and effectively incorporating these resources. Traditionally, DERs have supported microgrid (MG) stability primarily through active power control loops, which has limited their ability to manage power output effectively. This paper introduces a novel embedded intelligent reactive power control framework for DCLs, designed to bolster grid voltage stability during islanding conditions. This framework seamlessly integrates reactive power control loops as ancillary services within DCLs, which can also support other grid-forming (GFM) resources. The DCL is modeled with grid-following (GFL) control loops, which incorporate an embedded intelligent reactive power control loop into the voltage control system. The proposed intelligent framework applies a modified long-short term memory neural network to imitate reactive power behavior. The network is trained with the special loss function to minimize voltage variation. This enables the intelligent GFL control to accurately follow voltage and frequency references from the GFM resources and adapt to unexpected islanding scenarios. Simulation results in a low-inertia MG with DERs confirm the superiority of the proposed framework. It outperforms conventional methods, including mixed H<inf>2</inf>/H∞ strategy, model predictive control, and convolutional neural network. Through a comprehensive evaluation, the proposed strategy shows superior performance in transient response, voltage stability, power dynamics, statistical analysis, and damping performance.
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    Two-Stage Small-Signal Stability-Assisted Framework Using Controllable Loads in Reconfigurable Microgrids
    (2025-01-01)
    Surinkaew, Tossaporn
    ;
    Pinthurat, Watcharakorn
    ;
    Marungsri, Boonruang
    ;
    Hredzak, Branislav
    Reconfiguration in low-inertia microgrids (MGs) can often result in a critical small-signal stability margin. In this condition, the ability of inverter-based resources (IBRs) to provide voltage and frequency support may be insufficient. To maintain stable operation without interruptions, this paper presents a control strategy that first evaluates the effect of MG reconfiguration on system stability and then employs controllable loads as an enhancement mechanism to improve small-signal stability in scenarios involving reconfigurable MGs, particularly during islanded operation or high-demand situations such as sudden load changes or fault recovery. Mathematical models of system reconfiguration are presented. Then, we demonstrate how reconfiguration in MGs can result in marginal small-signal stability. The proposed framework operates in two stages: (i) assessing optimal breaker/switch configurations to ensure a baseline stability margin, and (ii) using controllable loads to fine-tune and improve damping performance. It is shown that the proposed framework can shift stability from critical or unstable levels to an acceptable range, making the initial conditions of reconfigured MGs feasible. Simulation results in a reconfigurable MG with different portions of IBRs and controllable loads demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in using controllable loads to successfully enhance small-signal stability. The proposed strategy ensures that the reconfigured MGs remain stable after reconfigurations.