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    Antimicrobial resistance: more than 70 years of war between humans and bacteria
    (2020-09-02)
    Nadeem, Syeda Fatima
    ;
    Gohar, Umar Farooq
    ;
    Tahir, Syed Fahad
    ;
    Mukhtar, Hamid
    ;
    Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
    Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the major issues in the present world and one of the greatest threats faced by mankind. Resistance is spread through both vertical gene transfer (parent to offspring) as well as by horizontal gene transfer like transformation, transduction and conjugation. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. The highest quantities of antibiotic concentrations are usually found in areas with strong anthropogenic pressures, for example medical source (e.g., hospitals) effluents, pharmaceutical industries, wastewater influents, soils treated with manure, animal husbandry and aquaculture (where antibiotics are generally used as in-feed preparations). Hence, the strong selective pressure applied by antimicrobial use has forced microorganisms to evolve for survival. The guts of animals and humans, wastewater treatment plants, hospital and community effluents, animal husbandry and aquaculture runoffs have been designated as “hotspots for AMR genes” because the high density of bacteria, phages, and plasmids in these settings allows significant genetic exchange and recombination. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge of antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Tackling antimicrobial resistance requires a wide range of strategies, for example, more research in antibiotic production, the need of educating patients and the general public, as well as developing alternatives to antibiotics (briefly discussed in the conclusions of this article).
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    Induced mutation of dendranthemum grandiflora through tissue culture by Ethyl Methanesulphonate (EMS)
    (2018-01-01)
    Yoosumran, V.
    ;
    Ruamrungsri, S.
    ;
    Duangkongsan, W.
    ;
    Kanjana, S.
    The induced mutation by ethyl methasulphonate (EMS) was used for new cultivar of chrysanthemum. The calli were regenerated from immature petals of chrysanthemum (Dendranthemum grandiflora) 'vivic'. The size of 0.5x.05 cm ray florets were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l Kinetin for inducing calli. The calli were soaked in 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% EMS for 06 and 026 minutes to induce mutation. Afterwards, they were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l Kinetin to induce shoots for 4 weeks. The LD50 were 1.22% EMS for 60 min and 0.72% EMS for 120 min. The shoots were regenerated from callus in control 76.67% but they could not regenerate in the EMS concentration which is higher than 1.5 mg/l. After that they were transferred to the new bottles and cultured with the same medium for every 4 weeks. All shoots regenerated the roots in the MS medium without the plant growth regulator. Rooting plants were transferd to the soil pot plants. The EMS has the efficiency to induce the in vitro mutation. There are 3 different mutations characteristic which were found in this experiment. The first were obtained in 0.5% EMS for 60 min which resulted in white stacked ray florets with 2 layers, green disk florets. The second mutation characteristic were found in 1% EMS for 60 min which the flower turned into yellow petal stacked with 2 layers, green disk florets and also the white and yellow ray florets. The last mutation characteristic of 0.5% EMS for 020 min made the ray florets slender white stacked with 2 layers and green disk florets.