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    Item type:Publication,
    Study of Ionospheric Total Electron Content over Thailand Using BeiDou Satellites
    (2025-01-01)
    Maichuen, Samatchaya
    ;
    Keokhumcheng, Thanapon
    ;
    Kenpankho, Prasert
    This study aims to analyze the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionosphere over Thailand using BeiDou satellite signals received by BG2s receivers, providing an alternative to the traditional use of GPS satellites for investigating TEC variations. Data were collected from January to March 2025 from six monitoring stations: Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chumphon, Nong Bua Lam Phu, Phuket, and Ubon Ratchathani, respectively, covering the entire region of Thailand. The analysis revealed that Nong Bua Lamphu recorded the highest average at 77.94 TECU, followed by Chiang Mai with 73.55 TECU. Ubon Ratchathani had an average of 65.81 TECU, while Phuket recorded 59.54 TECU, closely followed by Bangkok with 59.22 TECU. Chumphon had the lowest average maximum value at 45.00 TECU, respectively. Additionally, training sessions were conducted for 20 participants of the Meteorological Department on using BG2s receivers to measure TEC from BeiDou satellites. The pre-training assessment showed that 6 participants, accounting for 30%, achieved scores above 80%. After the training, all participants, representing 100%, surpassed the 80% threshold. The results indicate an improvement in participants' knowledge from 30% to 100%, reflecting the success of the training program and demonstrating the potential for applying the BeiDou satellite system in future ionospheric TEC studies.
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    Individual performance of multi-GNSS signals in the determination of STEC over Thailand with the applicability of Klobuchar model
    (2022-02-01)
    Seok, Hong Woo
    ;
    Ansari, Kutubuddin
    ;
    Panachai, Chaiwat
    ;
    Jamjareegulgarn, Punyawi
    Thailand is situated in the southern low latitude region in the Asian longitude sector having much importance as major portion of southern hemisphere is covered by ocean resulting in a sparse density of ground-based monitoring systems. With the establishment of GNSS monitoring stations across the Thailand and neighboring region, it accentuates the ionospheric variability study in the southern hemisphere in the Asian longitude. Therefore, in the current study, we selected four GNSS station located at different part of the country (i.e., CHMA, DPT9, NKRM, and SRTN) and studied the variations of ionospheric slant total electron content (STEC). Here, the STEC observations are estimated by Klobuchar model (namely, Klobuchar-modeled STEC values) and compared with the Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) STEC values for its validation. As an initial study, the Klobuchar-modeled STEC values obtained from five multi-constellation GNSSs over Thailand region (i.e., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS) are computed and compared with the GIM STEC values during the intense geomagnetic storm on May 12, 2021 (DOY 132) and during June 2020 to May 2021 for monthly variations. Moreover, to show the relationships between the proposed Klobuchar-modeled STEC values and the GIM STEC values, the correlation coefficients and the root mean square errors between them are computed. The results showed that among the five multi-constellations of GNSSs, the GIM STEC values frequently overestimate the Klobuchar-modeled STEC values, except the QZSS system with the least differences ranging from −10 TECU to 20 TECU. Also, the correlation coefficient between the proposed Klobuchar-modeled and GIM STEC variations span between 0.87 and 0.89, and their RMSEs range from 10 TECU to 11 TECU, excluding QZSS system with less than 10 TECU. The correlation coefficients of higher than 0.85 can be considered as a good indicator for the applicability of Klobuchar model in practice with multi constellation systems.