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Impact of different agricultural biomass residues on the performance of continuous solar-steam gasification
(2025-11-02)
Chuayboon, Srirat
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Abanades, Stéphane
Solar-driven biomass gasification represents a promising avenue for sustainable carbon-neutral fuel production. Nevertheless, the types of raw biomass materials play a vital role in continuous solar gasification performance. In this study, continuous solar-steam gasification with various agricultural crop residues was experimentally carried out in a 1.5 kW<inf>th</inf> solar gasifier to investigate the influence of biomass types on performance and efficiency under different operating temperatures up to 1400 °C. Seven agricultural residues were used as feedstocks, including oil palm wastes (palm mesocarp fiber, palm empty fruit bunch, and palm kernel shell), bagasse, betel nut, coconut fiber, and rice husks. Results demonstrated that the system can effectively perform with all biomass types with high-quantity and high-quality syngas production. The process revealed exceptional performance and efficiency, including the total maximum syngas yield range of 67.9–81.5 mmol/g<inf>dry biomass</inf>, reaching 81.4–95.2 % of the theoretical total syngas yields, maximum energy upgrade factor (1.05–1.35), reaching 94.2–97.3 % of the theoretical values, and maximum carbon conversion (87.2–96.9 %). The feedstock types showed a significant influence on gasification outcomes. Palm oil empty fruit bunch, betel nut, and palm mesocarp fiber were promising candidates for solar gasification with their high volatile content and significant decomposition potential, followed by coconut fiber and bagasse. Nevertheless, palm kernel shell and rice husk were found to be unsuitable biomasses for continuous solar-steam gasification because of the issues of reduced gasification activity and reaction rate limitations, due to a high density for palm kernel shell and a high ash content for rice husk. A temperature of 1300 °C was recommended to carry out continuous solar-steam gasification, leading to the maximum solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency in the range 13.7–18.9 %. This study provides insights into the influence of agricultural residue types on the solar-steam gasification process, while assisting in the proper biomass residue selection for efficient continuous solar gasification.
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Experimental investigation of the impact ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blended fuels on combustion, emission, and performance of compression ignition diesel engine
(2022-01-01)
Wai, P.
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Karin, P.
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Phairote, W.
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Chollacoop, N.
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Kosaka, H.
This research was directed to reduce the global diesel engine emissions and dependency on finite fossil fuel reserves. The ethanol was blended by weight ratio with commercial “B20” fuel (20% palm oil's biodiesel and 80% diesel) as B20E5 (95% B20 with 5% ethanol), B20E10 (90% B20 with 10% ethanol) and B20E20 (80% B20 with 20% ethanol). The results of the engine's performance, combustion, emission, and agglomerate particles size using blended fuels were compared with the results of based commercial B20 fuel. All fuel samples were tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine at a constant load of 140Nm with engine speeds of 1000RPM, 1500RPM and 2000RPM. When the engine speed increased, the brake-specific fuel consumption decreased, and the brake thermal efficiency increased. The B20E20 shows the highest brake-specific fuel consumption because of the low energy content of the fuel blend and the highest thermal efficiency because of a better combustion process. The ethanol-blended fuels show higher peaks of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate than the base B20 fuel, with B20E20 as the highest. Ethanol blended fuels have significant advantages in particulate matters reduction, especially in idle engine speed. The blended fuels decreased soot and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and increased NO<inf>x</inf> emission. The agglomerate particles size distribution was analysed with 100 samples for each fuel by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Image J tools. The average agglomerate particle size of B20, B20E5, B20E10 and B20E20 are 0.253 µm, 0.245 µm, 0.225 µm and 0.187 µm, respectively. As conclusion, adding ethanol to diesel fuel provide strong advantages on soot reduction and higher engine efficiency due to the enrich of fuel oxygen.
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Supercritical reaction between methanol and glycerol: The effects of reaction products on biodiesel properties
(2021-12-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Saengsuk, Pongrawee
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This work investigated the supercritical reaction between glycerol and supercritical methanol (SCM) in non-catalytic biodiesel production process. Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production that could react with SCM, producing glycerol ethers (GEs). Simultaneous conversion of triglycerides and glycerol in SCM is promising to reduce the glycerol surplus. These GEs are completely miscible with biodiesel and work as fuel enhancer. In a batch reactor, the glycerol reaction with SCM was investigated between 325 °C and 400 °C. The methanol-to-glycerol molar ratios and reaction time were varied from 3:1 to 9:1 and 8 min to 12 min, respectively. It was observed that the reactions of glycerol and SCM were etherification, dehydration, and thermal decomposition of glycerol. At molar ratios of 3:1 and 6:1, the temperature and reaction time significantly enhanced the glycerol conversion, especially by the thermal decomposition reaction. The increasing methanol-to-glycerol molar ratios reduced the overall glycerol conversion. The maximum glycerol conversion of 46.40% was observed at reaction temperature of 400 °C, methanol-to-glycerol molar ratio of 3:1, and reaction time of 12 min. Besides, the effects of GEs-to-neat biodiesel (B100) volumetric ratios on the fuel properties were investigated. The blending of GEs positively improved the viscosity and cloud point, whereas it had no impact on the heating value and flash point.
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A review of supercritical technologies for lipid-based biofuels production: The glycerol-free processes
(2021-01-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Komintarachat, Cholada
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
Supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses, a recent technique to produce biofuel without a catalyst, is discussed. This review focused on a glycerol-free process. The supercritical reactants include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate (ETA), and methyl tert-butyl ether. The by-products from the glycerol-free process can improve both the quantity and quality of the resultant biofuel. This review suggests that supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses using ETA as a co-reactant can provide the most valuable advantages, as involves inexpensive and renewable resources, which are important for biofuel production and sustainability.
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Phase behaviors and fuel properties of palm oil-based microemulsion biofuels using sugar-based surfactants
(2017-07-12)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
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Charoensaeng, Ampira
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Sorrasuchart, Nutthaporn
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Khaodhiar, Sutha
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Arpornpong, Noulkamol
Due to environmental concerns and current fossil-fuel situations, palm oil has been considered as a potential vegetable oil for renewable biofuel applications in South East Asia. To solve durability problems in diesel engine caused by high viscosity of palm oil, microemulsification has led to more attention as a novel viscosity-reducing technique. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and singlephase microemulsions, where the polar phase is solubilized in surfactant aggregates existing in the non-polar phase. Surfactants (surface active agents) play a key role in enhancement of the interaction between polar and non-polar phases. Since sugar-based surfactants have been derived from bio-based resources, they have been introduced to formulate microemulsion biofuels in this study. Three sugar-based surfactants, sorbitan monolaurate (SM20), sorbitan monooleate (SM80), and sorbitan trioleate (ST85) and three alcohols (butanol, hexanol, and octanol) were used as surfactants and co-surfactants, respectively. The objectives of this study are to formulate microemulsion biofuels using sugar-based surfactants, to study the effects of surfactants and co-surfactants on phase behaviors and kinematic viscosities, and to investigate the effect of surfactant/co-surfactant ratio on other fuel properties (i.e. energy content, cold flow properties, density, and ash content). The results show that the microemulsion system using SM80 and octanol at the molar ratio of 1 to 8 was considered as an optimized microemulsion biofuel formulation demonstrating comparable fuel properties to biodiesel. These results provide useful guidance for future design of environmentally friendly microemulsion biofuels.
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Effect of additives on fuel properties and emission characteristics of micromulsion biofuels from palm oil
(2017-07-12)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
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Lumyong, Pichit
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Wichadee, Sasiwimon
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Khaodhiar, Sutha
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Sarikprueck, Piampoom
Microemulsiflcation is one of the novel techniques to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils to avoid durability problems in diesel engines. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase mixtures of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants. Additives have also been included in microemulsion biofuel formulations to improve their stability and fuel properties; however, there is limited research on the effect of additives on emission characteristics of microemulsion biofuels. In this study, microemulsion biofuels were formulated from palm oil/diesel blend (1:1 v/v), ethanol, surfactant, and co-surfactants. Five additives, ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DEGEE), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to study the effect of additives on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. The results showed that studied additives could improve some fuel properties of microemulsion biofuels with negligible effect on phase stability. Additionally, it was found that carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with DEGEE and EA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with all additives were lower than those from diesel and biodiesel. Therefore, DEGEE and EA can be considered as promising additives for microemulsion biofuel formulations, which can improve fuel properties as well as can significantly reduce CO and NO<inf>x</inf> emissions below the levels of diesel and biodiesel. These encouraging results offer options of additives for biofuel applications.

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