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Subject: search.filters.subject.Box–Behnken design

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    Lignin removal from synthetic wastewater via Fenton-like reaction over Cu supported on MCM-41 derived from bagasse: Optimization and reaction intermediates
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriprom, Pongsert
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Sutasinee
    ;
    Lin, Chitsan
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Arthit
    ;
    Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
    Lignin degradation was performed using a Fenton-like oxidation reaction with Cu supported on MCM-41, derived from bagasse (Cu-BG-MCM-41), as the catalyst. The optimal degradation conditions required to remove a predetermined amount of lignin (95%) from an effluent were determined. Based on the literature review and preliminary tests, the critical parameters determining the operating conditions include temperature, catalyst loading, pH, H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> concentration, and reaction time. The experimental design and working conditions were based on Box–Behnken design. The reaction products were analyzed via UV–vis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict the optimum operating conditions for the Fenton-like reaction for 95% lignin degradation, which were a temperature of 80 °C, initial pH of 9, H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> concentration of 1 mL/L, catalyst loading of 1.0 g/L, and reaction time of 30 min. These conditions were validated three times and the achieved percentage of lignin degradation was 95 ± 2%. This is close to the value of 95% used in the RSM to determine the optimum operating conditions, thus verifying the model. The catalyst was stable and functioned well under the optimum design conditions. Moreover, the reaction could be used to obtain high-value intermediate products if stopped after 5 min. Finally, lignin was degraded into vanillin, a higher-value product. As expected, the proposed Fenton-like approach expanded the pH working range from less than 4 to 5–9.
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    QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF NOODLES FORTIFIED WITH MORINGA LEAF POWDER, KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN, AND ACETYLATED STARCH
    (2023-01-01)
    Thuy, Nguyen Minh
    ;
    Giau, Tran Ngoc
    ;
    Tien, Vo Quoc
    ;
    Hao, Hong Van
    ;
    Minh, Vo Quang
    Background. Egg noodles are a commonly consumed food in Asia and are increasingly eaten around the world. Consumers now have more new requirements concerning the quality and healthiness of products. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of Moringa leaf powder (MLP), konjac glucomannan (KG), and acetylated starch (AS) on the quality of noodles. Materials and methods. The Box–Behnken design via the response surface methodology was used, and cooking quality, weight increase, and cooking loss were the main responses. Quadratic polynomial equations were established to determine the influence of 3 independent variables (MLP, KG, and AS) on the cooking quality of the studied noodles. Results. A significance test and analysis of variance results demonstrated that the MLP, KG, and AS contributed significantly to the increase in rehydration rate and reduction of cooking loss. The joint interaction effects of dependent variables were also significant for cooking quality. Increasing the percentage of MLP and AS resulted in an increase in weight increase and cooking loss, while increasing the percentage of KG resulted in an increase in the rehydration rate and a significant reduction in cooking loss. Based on the fitted model for two responses, simultaneous optimization was also carried out. The optimal values were MLP, KG, and MS at 5%, 4.89%, and 3%, respectively, which gave an estimated maximum value for weight increase (83.61%) and a minimum value for cooking loss (3.05%). A scanning electron micrograph of noodles containing these concentrations showed that the continuity of the gluten network was enhanced. Conclusion. In this study, the parameters of the input variables were optimized to increase the weight of noodles after cooking and reduce the cooking loss, using the response surface methodology. The accuracy of the model has been verified by actual experimental data. The results obtained may provide new insight into the addition of high bioactive compounds available in plants to the formulation of common food products and the development of new food products for the manufacturing industry.
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    Optimization of lignin conversion to phenol via partial oxidation of synthesized wastewater containing lignin
    (2020-12-01)
    Sriprom, Pongsert
    ;
    Leephisuth, Pornyamon
    ;
    Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Arthit
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Sutasinee
    This work was to optimize operating parameters for phenol production via partial oxidation. The essential settings, NaOH loading of 4–20 g/L, reaction temperatures of 140–180 °C, and time of 15–45 min, were set as the independent parameters for designing the experiments. A set of tests was generated using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) and performed in a high-pressure reactor at the constant air pressure of 2 bars. A produced phenol concentration was assigned as a response target for evaluating an optimal condition. From the results, a quadratic model of actual data was fit with high accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> of 94.1%). A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the operating parameters effect on the phenol formation. It showed that the temperature rising affected phenol formation due to the creation of aldehydes at low temperatures and phenol re-polymerization. The presence of NaOH plays an essential role in the production of phenol. It may increase the hydroxyl group's rate to an aromatic ring that yields a high percentage of phenol production. For the reaction time, the longer time gave a higher yield of phenol. However, it slightly increased after 30 min. The predicted optimal condition was determined at the temperature of 161 °C, the NaOH loading of 16.4 mg/L, and the reaction time of 36.2 min. Three experiments were performed at the optimal point to verify the prediction. It was found that the phenol concentration of 30 ± 1 mg/L was yielded at this condition. Moreover, the reaction temperature and the initial pressure of air were not severe. It indicates that the partial oxidation of aqueous lignin solution can produce phenol at mild conditions.