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    Effect of extra-framework cesium on the deoxygenation of methylester over CsNaX zeolites
    (2011-12-15)
    Danuthai, Tanate
    ;
    Sooknoi, Tawan
    ;
    Jongpatiwut, Siriporn
    ;
    Rirksomboon, Thirasak
    ;
    Osuwan, Somchai
    The deoxygenation of methyl octanoate has been investigated over Cs-containing NaX zeolite catalysts at atmospheric pressure with He carrier gas and methanol as a co-feed. By varying the preparation procedures, different amounts of extra-framework Cs were left on the catalyst. The presence of extra-framework Cs affects the acid-basic characteristics of the catalysts and consequently their activity, stability, and particularly the product selectivity. That is, when the amount of extra-framework Cs increases, the corresponding increase in basicity enhances decarbonylation activity as well as catalyst stability. In this case, the deoxygenation of methyl octanoate on CsNaX catalysts was found to yield heptenes and hexenes as main products via surface decomposition of octanoate-like species. When the amount of extra-framework Cs was reduced, the hexene yield readily increased. The enhancement in hexene production can be ascribed to both, a decreased basicity that reduces decarbonylation and to a greater space available within the zeolite cavity for formation of a rather bulky cyclic-like intermediate that leads to hexene. In addition, weakly acidic sites, generated after the excess Cs was removed, resulted in relatively higher yield of inner-olefin product. When Cs was not present in the catalyst (i.e., NaX), other products such as aromatics and coupling compounds were observed. These compounds are less desirable for transportation fuel applications. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Oligomerization of propionaldehyde on novel basic catalysts
    (2008-12-01)
    Amen, Q. V.
    ;
    Sooknoi, T.
    ;
    Lobban, L. L.
    ;
    Mallinson, R. G.
    ;
    Resasco, Daniel E.
    Vapor-phase oligomerization of propanal to 2-methyl-2-pentenal and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylcyclo-2-pentenone over basic zeolite catalysts (NaX, KNaX, KX, and CsNaX), as well as more traditional solid basic catalysts (MgO and MgO-Al2O3 hydrotalcites), was studied in an integral flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. Conversion and carbon yield based on catalyst properties (basicity, acidity) are reported. The highest stable activity was over KX, with the highest selectivity to the primary product, 2-methyl-2-pentenal (dehydrated aldol dimer of propanal) and the second highest selectivity to the secondary product, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylcyclo-2-pentenone (a non-aromatic cyclic trimer), with essentially no other products. Promotion of Zeolite X with various alkali metals also affected the acid and base site strengths, which had an effect on the conversion and selectivity.