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    Torrefaction of durian peel in air and N2 atmospheres: Impact on chemical properties and optimization of energy yield using multilevel factorial design
    (2024-09-01)
    Pimsamarn, Jindarat
    ;
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    Wisetsai, Awat
    ;
    Mualchontham, Jomthong
    ;
    Muidaeng, Nattawut
    This study investigated the torrefaction of durian peel using air and nitrogen as carrier gases. A multilevel factorial design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis was employed to analyze the impact of torrefaction parameters on chemical properties and energy yield. Durian peel, an agricultural waste product, was torrefied at temperatures ranging from 200 to 320 °C for residence times between 0 and 30 min. Results showed that air torrefaction significantly enhanced thermal decomposition, reducing mass yield from 94.65 % to 30.63 % as the temperature increased from 200 °C to 300 °C with a 30-min holding time. Air torrefaction also increased the higher heating value (HHV) from 19.02 MJ/kg to 35.26 MJ/kg at 300 °C, compared to nitrogen, which achieved a maximum HHV of 32.49 MJ/kg. ANOVA analysis revealed that torrefaction temperature and carrier gas significantly affect energy yield and chemical properties. Air torrefaction positively affected HHV while reducing mass yield compared to nitrogen. Low-temperature air torrefaction showed enhanced energy yield improvement. These findings provided insights for optimizing torrefaction processes enhancing utilization wasted durian peel as a sustainable bioenergy resource.
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    The outdoor performance of different PV systems in tropical climate conditions in Thailand
    (2015-01-01)
    Kittisontirak, S.
    ;
    Chumpolrat, K.
    ;
    Songtrai, S.
    ;
    Udomdachanut, N.
    ;
    Hongsingthong, A.
    The environmental factors of solar irradiance and module temperature greatly affect the performance of any Photovoltaic (PV) technology. Different PV technologies may react differently to variations in these environmental factors. In this paper, six different PV technologies were measured in the tropical climate of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand. The types of PV technologies included in this study are; hydrogenated amorphous silicon single-junction, micromorph, copper indium gallium selenide, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and hetero-junction with intrinsic thin film. The annual average daily solar radiation (Ei) and ambient temperature (Tamb) are approximately 4.9 kWh/m2 and 33.4°C, respectively. The highest output among all the PV systems with the highest monthly Performance Ratio (PR) was obtained with an a-Si:H PV system. The PR was 82.2%. Thin-film technologies maintain a more stable outdoor efficiency compared to crystalline silicon technologies.