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Predicting the strengths of basalt fiber reinforced concrete mixed with fly ash using AML and Hoffman and Gardener techniques
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Llamuca Llamuca, José Luis
Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) mixed with fly ash, combined with advanced machine learning techniques, offers a practical, cost-effective, and less time-consuming alternative to traditional experimental methods. Conventional approaches to evaluating mechanical properties, such as compressive and splitting tensile strengths, typically require sophisticated equipment, meticulous sample preparation, and extended testing periods. These methods demand substantial financial resources, specialized labor, and considerable time for data collection and analysis. The integration of machine learning provides a transformative solution by enabling accurate prediction of concrete properties with minimal experimental data. The methods of data collection from literature and analysis were used and 121 records were collected from experimentally tested basalt fiber reinforced concrete samples measuring the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete. Eleven (11) critical factors have been considered as constituents of the studied concrete to predict the Fc-Compressive strength (MPa) and Fsp-Splitting tensile strength (MPa), which are the output parameters. The collected records were divided into training set (96 records = 80%) and validation set (25 records = 20%) following the requirements for data partitioning for sustainable machine learning application. Seven (7) selected machine learning techniques are applied in the prediction. Further, performance evaluation indices were used to compare the models’ abilities and lastly, the Hoffman and Gardener’s technique was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the parameters on the concrete strengths. At the end of the exercise, results were collated. In predicting the compressive strength (Fc), AdaBoost similarly excels, matching XGBoosting’s validation performance with R2 of 0.98 and the same MAE values. This shows the effectiveness of boosting techniques for predictive modeling in concrete strength estimation. For splitting tensile strength (Fsp), AdaBoost also outperforms most models, achieving an R2 of 0.96 for training and validation phases. Its exceptionally low validation MAE of 0.124 MPa underscores its excellent generalization capabilities. Overall, XGBoosting and AdaBoost consistently demonstrate superior performance for both compressive and splitting tensile strength predictions, followed closely by KNN. These models benefit from advanced ensemble techniques that efficiently handle non-linear patterns and noise. SVR also performs admirably, whereas GEP and GMDHNN exhibit weaker predictive capabilities due to limitations in handling complex data dynamics. For the sensitivity analysis, the Hoffman and Gardener’s method of sensitivity analysis proves instrumental in identifying key drivers of strength in fiber-reinforced concrete, guiding informed decision-making for material optimization and sustainable construction practices.
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Utilization of ladle furnace slag and fly ash as partially replacement of cement
(2025-03-01)
Thwe, Khin Sam
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) are industrial waste products commonly deposited in landfills, while the cement industry is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) emissions. Previous research has explored using LFS and FA as cement replacement materials to help mitigate environmental impacts. Yet, no studies have explored combining LFS and FA as cement replacement materials. Therefore, this research highlights the study of the combination of LFS and FA mixes as a partial cement replacement. The mix design for cement replacement materials was developed by combining ordinary Portland cement (OPC), LFS, and FA in the following weight ratios: 10:10:80, 20:20:60, and 30:30:40. These mix designs were assessed in comparison to 100%OPC (% by weight), evaluating key properties (bulk density, specific gravity, normal consistency, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and microstructural characteristics). According to the findings, incorporating LFS and FA, both pozzolanic materials effectively improved the strength of the material by promoting a pozzolanic reaction, particularly during the final stages of curing. Furthermore, it was found that a mixed design containing 20% OPC, 20% LFS, and 60% FA demonstrated suitable properties for cement replacement in various applications, with beneficial results in terms of setting time and strength development. From X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope (SEM analysis), C-S-H gel, as well as Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> and Mg(OH)<inf>2</inf> chemical compounds, were formulated. The aforementioned replacement is being used to promote environmental sustainability through the efficient use of industrial byproducts.
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Assessment and classification of different ashes from waste incinerators in Thailand
(2024-12-01)
Muthuraja, Raji
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Pombhejara, Chatpong Na
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Ganesan, Sunantha
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Attaphong, Chodchanok
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Morawan, Nattaya
Rapid urbanisation and a growing population have led to a huge production of solid waste worldwide. To mitigate solid wastes, Thailand adapts incineration. As a consequence, a variety of fly ashes being produced in large quantities. Fly ash management is therefore a risk for the future. A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of five sources of ashes from the waste incinerators in three regions in Thailand, namely MFA1, MFA2, IFA, and fly ash that used in a ready-mixed concrete plant, CFA1 and CFA2 was conducted. Additionally, bottom ashes, MBA1, MBA2 and IBA were also characterized similarly. The analysis showed that coal fly ash from ready mixed concrete plant of CFA1 and CFA2 were classified under class F and C, respectively. The heavy metal analysis showed that fly ash from MFA1 and IFA has high amount of Zn (7,523 mg/kg and 28,315 mg/kg), followed by MFA1 has high amount of cadmium (127 mg/kg) and MFA1 and IFA showed high concentration of lead (1,955 mg/kg and 1,425 mg/kg). The present study show that fly ash often contains heavy metals, dioxins, and other hazardous substances, highlighting the need for detailed analysis to determine proper handling and disposal methods. Advanced classification systems, which may include parameters such as leaching behavior, particle size distribution, and contaminant concentrations, are essential for categorizing fly ash into appropriate management pathways, such as landfilling, resource recovery, or reuse in construction materials.
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Performance evaluation of developed mixed cement containing asphalt waste dust and class-C fly ash in sulfate salt solution test
(2024-12-01)
Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The performance of newly developed cement mixes comprising asphalt waste dust and fly ash for construction in areas with high sulfate salt content was evaluated in this study. In comparison to 100% Ordinary Portland cement Type 1 (OPC), mixes of 50 wt% OPC with 20 wt% asphalt waste dust and 30 wt% fly ash, as well as 50 wt% OPC with 50 wt% fly ash, were tested over a 30- and 90-day comparative study in magnesium sulfate solution, respectively. The compressive strength, weight change, and expansion of mixed cement samples are investigated through chemical, phase, and microstructural studies. The replacement of 50% OPC with fly ash and asphalt waste dust prevented the samples from expanding and cracking in the sulfate salt solution during the 90-day test period. By using fly ash at less than 50 wt% in combination with asphalt waste dust, a dense microstructure was obtained, inhibiting the formation of the harmful magnesium silicate hydrate phase and the degradation of strength in the mixed cement samples.
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Utilization of asphalt waste dust with fly ash in mixed cement materials for sustainable construction
(2024-10-01)
Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Kingnoi, Namthip
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The production of asphalt concrete generates asphalt waste dust particles that harm the environment. In this study, asphalt waste dust and fly ash were combined in different ratios to serve as cement replacement material. With replacement ratios of 20–30 wt% asphalt waste dust with fly ash, the maximum strength of a mixed-cement sample meets the industrial requirement after 7 days of curing. Compared to a cement concrete sample, a higher strength than the industrial requirement was achieved after prolonged curing under plastic wrap. This curing condition allows the retention of Ca2+ ions and moisture, contributing to the hydration and pozzolanic reactions in the mixed-cement sample. The strengthened microstructure with the C–S–H phase was clearly seen, while Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> disappeared in the mixed-cement sample. This finding indicates that upcycled asphalt waste dust in a cement-based material is a potential method for utilizing asphalt waste dust in the construction sector.
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Pyrolysis Oil Produced from Landfill Waste Plastic with Calcined Fly Ash Catalyst
(2024-01-01)
Aureethum, Kittipob
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Khemkhao, Maneerat
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Chumchery, Nipon
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Kaewpengkrow, Prangtip Rittichote
This research investigated catalytic pyrolysis fuel oil production from waste plastic sourced from a 10-year-old landfill in Nonthaburi Province. The aim is to study the effect of catalysts on producing pyrolysis fuel oil resembling commercial diesel. A bench-scale fixed bed reactor with an 18.85-liter volume was operated at 450°C, using fly ash waste and calcined fly ash at 600°C and 700°C. The chemical composition of the produced pyrolysis oil was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Heating values were determined with a bomb calorimeter. The FT-IR spectrum revealed that aliphatic hydrocarbons, especially alkenes, and alkanes, were the main components of the pyrolysis oil. The highest yields were 53.8% from calcined fly ash at 600°C and 37.3% from fly ash at 700°C. The maximum heating value from raw fly ash was 45.77 MJ/kg. The resulting pyrolysis oil can serve as an alternative liquid fuel in industry.
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Effect of expansive additive and shrinkage reducing agent on plastic shrinkage of steam-cured mortar
(2018-01-01)
Treesuwan, Sarapon
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Maleesee, Komsan
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Date, Shigeyuki
This research is part of the mortar’s plastic shrinkage study. Contents in this article is related to how the Expansive Additive (EX), Shrinkage Reducing Agent (SRA), and Fly Ash (FA) help to reduce and control the shrinkage and to compare the effectiveness of these substances used in the normal curing, i.e., at 30˚C and in the steam curing process by using the factorial design with 3 factors and to be divided into 2 levels. Factors to be studied are the amount of EX, SRA and FA replacement. The test of plastic shrinkage was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C1579-06 standard, placing the strain gauge 0.5 centimeters beneath the surface in the middle of the mold, recording the shrinkage rate starting from the initial setting time for 24 hours. The results showed that, in normal curing, the EX influences the expansion while, in steam curing, the EX and SRA significantly influences the expansion. To add the FA in high volume along with the EX significantly effects the expansion for both the normal and steam curing. Furthermore, the study model and equation for plastic shrinkage of mortar are presented in the form of factor proportion to be considered from the factorial design study basis.

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