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Enhancing biodiesel yield and purification with a recently developed centrifuge machine: A response surface methodology approach
(2024-04-15)
Limmun, Warunee
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Rattanamechaiskul, Chaiwat
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Limmun, Wanida
Biodiesel production processes, such as gravity settling, have limitations in terms of biodiesel yield, purification efficiency, operating time in the separation process, and more extensive equipment. Therefore, this study has focused on using a recently developed centrifuge machine for biodiesel separation to address these challenges due to its compact design, high efficiency, and simplicity. Additionally, this study aimed to optimize the separation efficiency of glycerol from biodiesel using a centrifuge machine, employing response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimum conditions for separating glycerol from biodiesel via centrifuge machine are a rotation speed of 1800 rpm, a mixture flow rate of 192.25 ml/min, and a temperature of 55 °C, respectively. In optimum conditions, 94.52% separation efficiency was achieved. Biodiesel production can be improved, leading to higher yields and greater purity. The utilization of RSM proved valuable in determining the optimum conditions for separation. Furthermore, the machine successfully separated the biodiesel to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 standards. The results highlight the potential of the centrifuge machine for efficient and reliable biodiesel production, contributing to the advancement of the biodiesel industry.
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Valorisation of glycerol by-product of biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) by catalytic conversion
(2024-04-11)
Nada, Shofiyah
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Juwono, Hendro
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Ritvirulh, Chonlada
Valorisation of glycerol through catalytic conversion conducted using KOH base catalysts with a mass ratio of KOH/glycerol of 0.08 (w/w) was carried out at temperature variations of 230 °C and 300 °C with feedstock variations of pure glycerol (98%) and crude glycerol with a total reaction time of 2 hours. Crude glycerol was obtained from the by-product of biodiesel transesterification from crude palm oil (CPO) using a KOH catalyst of 1% by weight of crude palm oil with variations in CPO:methanol such as 1:3, 1:6, and 2:1, which were performed at 60 °C for 4 hours at stirring speeds of 400 rpm. The largest percentage of crude glycerol conversion was obtained from the variation CPO: methanol (2:1) of 30.67%. The GC-MS characterization of glycerol catalytic conversion products revealed that the highest yield percentage is on the variation of pure glycerol feedstock at 230 °C, with the long-chain hydrocarbon fraction in the form of stearic acid compounds having the highest abundance percentage (abundance percentage of 26.54%). Catalyticconversion of pure glycerol feedstock variations at a reaction temperature of 300 °C resulted in formic acid (abundance percentage of 24.68%) with the greatest abundance and oxalic acid (abundance percentage of 2.28%). Meanwhile, the feedstock variation of crude glycerol produced 2-propenoic acid (abundance percentage of 5.04%) and acetone (abundance percentage of 2.84%), as well as hexadecanoic acid with the largest abundance percentage (32.04%). These findings demonstrated that catalytic glycerol conversion with KOH catalysts produced compounds with a wide range of industrial applications.
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Vitrimer-like of poly (glycerol sebacate) by using zinc acetate, zinc oxide and Amberlyst as catalysts
(2023-01-01)
Thongkam, Montree
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Saowsupa, Sairoong
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Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
Polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) is elastomeric biodegradable polymer with potential biomedical and green packaging applications. This study focuses on the synthesis of vitrimer-like PGS utilizing various catalysts, including Zinc acetate, Zinc oxide and Amberlyst-15. The investigation of vitrimer-like of PGS polymer by polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid with various molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1.25 and 1:1.5 will be studied. The synthetic time and temperature were controlled at 72 h, 120 °C, respectively. The prepolymer of PGS had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw.) of 1743. The result of functional group was confirmed by Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The intense C[dbnd]O stretch at 1737 cm−1 confirms the formation of ester bonds. The intense OH stretch at 3454 cm−1 indicated hydroxyl groups from hydrogen bonded. When the quantity of catalyst is increased, the results of hardness are rising but swelling (%) becomes lower. The results showed a polymer network has higher cross-link when the catalyst increases. In addition, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) analysis found that PGS using catalyst does not have peaks of glycerol.
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Supercritical reaction between methanol and glycerol: The effects of reaction products on biodiesel properties
(2021-12-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Saengsuk, Pongrawee
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This work investigated the supercritical reaction between glycerol and supercritical methanol (SCM) in non-catalytic biodiesel production process. Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production that could react with SCM, producing glycerol ethers (GEs). Simultaneous conversion of triglycerides and glycerol in SCM is promising to reduce the glycerol surplus. These GEs are completely miscible with biodiesel and work as fuel enhancer. In a batch reactor, the glycerol reaction with SCM was investigated between 325 °C and 400 °C. The methanol-to-glycerol molar ratios and reaction time were varied from 3:1 to 9:1 and 8 min to 12 min, respectively. It was observed that the reactions of glycerol and SCM were etherification, dehydration, and thermal decomposition of glycerol. At molar ratios of 3:1 and 6:1, the temperature and reaction time significantly enhanced the glycerol conversion, especially by the thermal decomposition reaction. The increasing methanol-to-glycerol molar ratios reduced the overall glycerol conversion. The maximum glycerol conversion of 46.40% was observed at reaction temperature of 400 °C, methanol-to-glycerol molar ratio of 3:1, and reaction time of 12 min. Besides, the effects of GEs-to-neat biodiesel (B100) volumetric ratios on the fuel properties were investigated. The blending of GEs positively improved the viscosity and cloud point, whereas it had no impact on the heating value and flash point.
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A review of supercritical technologies for lipid-based biofuels production: The glycerol-free processes
(2021-01-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Komintarachat, Cholada
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
Supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses, a recent technique to produce biofuel without a catalyst, is discussed. This review focused on a glycerol-free process. The supercritical reactants include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate (ETA), and methyl tert-butyl ether. The by-products from the glycerol-free process can improve both the quantity and quality of the resultant biofuel. This review suggests that supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses using ETA as a co-reactant can provide the most valuable advantages, as involves inexpensive and renewable resources, which are important for biofuel production and sustainability.
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Effects of reactor loading and solvent addition on catalyst-free glycerolysis of palm oil
(2021-01-01)
Phichaion, Ittirit
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Sawangkaew, Ruengwit
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. Every three moles of biodiesel produced, glycerol is released in one mole, which is around 10 wt.% of the total products. The crude glycerol from supercritical transesterification has a higher purity than that from alkaline transesterification. Monoglyceride is an anionic surfactant widely used in many applications. In this work, the glycerolysis reaction of palm oil and glycerol was studied using isopropanol as the solvent. The investigated important parameters in this study were reaction time in range of 30-150 minutes, reactor loading in range of 40-80 %, and molar ratio of isopropanol to glycerol to palm oil in range of 0-30. The glycerol to palm oil molar ratio was constant at 5 to 1. The results showed that parameters affected conversions and yields were reactor loading and solvent addition. The highest monoglyceride yield, 37.4%, was obtained at 260 °C in 150 minutes and 40 % of reactor loading. Molar ratio of glycerol to palm oil to isopropanol is 5:1:15. A central composite design (CCD) of 48 experiments investigated the effects on monoglyceride content (%MG) of temperature (220 to 260 °C), reaction duration (30 to 150 min), and molar ratio of IPA to palm oil (0:1 to 30:1). The %MG was substantially and statistically significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) at higher temperatures and longer reaction duration. An analysis of variance confirmed that the molar ratio of IPA to palm oil had a much less significant effect (p = 0.0255) on %MG. The crude glycerol obtained from a biodiesel production plant was compared with pure glycerol at the optimal condition. A %MG of 46.58% was observed using crude glycerol as reactant because of the yield-limiting effects of water in crude glycerol.
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Optimization of hydrogen production from three reforming approaches of glycerol via using supercritical water with in situ CO2 separation
(2019-01-22)
Patcharavorachot, Yaneeporn
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Chatrattanawet, Narissara
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Arpornwichanop, Amornchai
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Assabumrungrat, Suttichai
A pathway for hydrogen production from supercritical water reforming of glycerol integrated with in situ CO<inf>2</inf> removal was proposed and analyzed. The thermodynamic analysis carried out by the minimizing Gibbs free energy method of three glycerol reforming processes for hydrogen production was investigated in terms of equilibrium compositions and energy consumption using AspenPlus™ simulator. The effect of operating condition, i.e., temperature, pressure, steam to glycerol (S/G) ratio, calcium oxide to glycerol (CaO/G) ratio, air to glycerol (A/G) ratio, and nickel oxide to glycerol (NiO/G) ratio on the hydrogen production was investigated. The optimum operating conditions under maximum H<inf>2</inf> production were predicted at 450 °C (only steam reforming), 400 °C (for autothermal reforming and chemical looping reforming), 240 atm, S/G ratio of 40, CaO/G ratio of 2.5, A/G ratio of 1 (for autothermal reforming), and NiO/G ratio of 1 (for chemical looping reforming). Compared to three reforming processes, the steam reforming obtained the highest hydrogen purity and yield. Moreover, it was found that only autothermal reforming and chemical looping reforming were possible to operate under the thermal self-sufficient condition, which the hydrogen purity of chemical looping reforming (92.14%) was higher than that of autothermal reforming (52.98%). Under both the maximum H<inf>2</inf> production and thermal self-sufficient conditions, the amount of CO was found below 50 ppm for all reforming processes.
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Effect of glycerol on improving quality of ready to eat Nham jerky, an innovation of Thai fermented meat product
(2019-01-01)
Pilasombut, K.
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Sorapukdee, S.
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Chetawan, T.
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Ngamyeesoon, N.
Different concentrations of glycerol were investigated for improving qualities of ready to eat pork Nham jerky, an innovation of Thai fermented meat product. Three concentrations at 0 (control), 5 and 10% of glycerol were applied in pork Nham. Microbiologica and physicochemical qualities were recorded during fermentation period and after drying. The results showed that addition of 10% glycerol displayed higher pH particularly on the third day of fermentation (p<0.05), causing lower total acidity and purge loss in pork Nham during fermentation process. However, lactic acid bacteria population were not different in all treatments. Greater red color (a*) and lower lightness (L*) was observed in Nham with 5% and 10% glycerol adding (p<0.05). After 3 days of fermentation process, pork Nham was cooked and dehydrated until the internal temperature reached 72C and water activity (a <inf>w</inf> ) < 0.75. This product, ready to eat Nham jerky is a novel meat product as normally Nham consume as raw product. Percentage of drying yield, a <inf>w</inf> , shear force, color and sensory evaluation were compared among treatments. The results demonstrated that drying yield percentage of jerky Nham containing 5% and 10% glycerol was significantly higher than that of the control (p<0.05), while a <inf>w</inf> and shear force obtained the lower value than control (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that the highest score in overall acceptance was observed in Nham jerky containing 10% glycerol. In conclusion, adding glycerol in Nham jerky improved qualities and sensory acceptance.
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Hydrogen and power generation from supercritical water reforming of glycerol and pressurized SOFC integrated system: Use of different CO2 adsorption process
(2018-09-13)
Patcharavorachot, Yaneeporn
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Saebea, Dang
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Authayanun, Suthida
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Arpornwichanop, Amornchai
The performance analysis of an integrated system of glycerol supercritical water reforming and pressurized SOFC was presented. The use of different CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption processes that include in situ and ex situ processes was compared to determine the suitable process for hydrogen and power generations. The influence of operating condition, e.g., temperature and pressure of reformer, supercritical water to glycerol (S/G) molar ratio, and calcium oxide to glycerol (CaO/G) molar ratio was examined. Then, the electrical performance of each integrated process was considered with respect to the SOFC conditions comprising temperature, pressure, and current density. The simulation results revealed that both processes have same favourable conditions for temperature and pressure operated at 800 °C and 240 atm, respectively. The suitable S/G and CaO/G molar ratios for in situ process are 10 and 2 whereas those for ex situ process are 20 and 1. Under these conditions, maximum hydrogen can be achieved as 87% and 75% for in situ and ex situ processes, respectively. When both integrated processes are operated at the optimal SOFC conditions as 900 °C, 4 atm, and current density of 10,000 A/m2, the SOFC efficiency of 71.56% and 62.12% can provide for in situ and ex situ processes, respectively.
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Using Glycerol as a Sole Carbon Source for Clostridium beijerinckii Fermentation
(2017-01-01)
Sanguanchaipaiwong, Vorapat
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Leksawasdi, Noppol
Butanol is a promising biofuel with its fuel properties which are similar to gasoline and able to be synthesized from acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation of Clostridium sp. This study has been focused on using glycerol, a by-product from biodiesel manufacturing as a carbon source for Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1390. The culture was cultivated at 37°C in P2 medium with 20-60 g/L glycerol under anaerobic condition, compared with glucose as a control. Samples were collected periodically for the analysis of viable cell concentration, reducing sugar and metabolite concentrations. It has been found that C. beijerinckii grown much slower in glycerol. After 168 h cultivation, the cell growth in 20 g/L glycerol has achieved the maximum concentration of 4.78 × 106 CFU/mL. In P2 medium containing glucose, the amount of viable cell (3.93 x 106 CFU/mL with 20 g/L glucose) had reached the maximum level at 24 h. The much longer period for highest cell number might be the reason that C. beijerinckii could not produce butanol from merely glycerol. On the other hand, the butanol concentration of 8.12 g/L was obtained from 60 g/L glucose. Glycerol probably induced C. beijerinckii in switching to a reductive pathway.

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