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    Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with new band gap energy evaluation from spectroscopic relationship of graphene-Mg2CuSnCoO6 composite bridged with organics
    (2021-10-01)
    Oh, Won Chun
    ;
    Areerob, Yonrapach
    A new structure of graphene-Mg<inf>2</inf>CuSnCoO<inf>6</inf> composite bridged with gallic acid (GMG) was synthesized with a novel method. Band gap energy of the newly synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated with a laser-wavelength region and DRS method. Evaluation and analysis were based on the relationship among XRD, HRTEM, XPS, Raman scattering, and computer simulated model structure. Changes in the structure of graphene or graphene-based composite were associated with location changes of the valence band and the conduction band. Electron density was used to confirm the number of electrons by computer simulation. Finally, such graphene-Mg<inf>2</inf>CuSnCoO<inf>6</inf>-gallic acid nanocomposite was used for photocatalytic CO<inf>2</inf> reduction into methanol. Under UV-light irradiation, the highest methanol yield was 5.576% with 0.6 g of scavenger. This work might offer a promising strategy for measuring band gap energies of different types of semiconductors.
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    Techno-economic analysis of co-production of bio-hydrogenated diesel from palm oil and methanol
    (2021-09-15)
    Phichitsurathaworn, Nitipat
    ;
    Simasatitkul, Lida
    ;
    Amornraksa, Suksun
    ;
    Anantpinijwatna, Amata
    ;
    Charoensuppanimit, Pongtorn
    A bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) or green diesel is produced from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) via a heterogeneous catalytic reaction which requires high hydrogen to oil volumetric ratio for a complete conversion of oil. In this regard, a hydrogen recovery process is required to reduce a high amount of hydrogen loss in a gas by-product. This work proposes coupling the conventional BHD process with a production of methanol, a valuable co-product, and performs its techno-economic evaluation in comparison with the stand-alone BHD process. The results showed that the BHD process coupled with the methanol synthesis can recover by 46.3% of discharged hydrogen and reduce 14% of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions from the production process. Furthermore, methanol synthesis could improve the internal rate of return (IRR) by 23.2%, shorten the payback period by 2.81 years, and increase the net present value (NPV) by 54.41 million USD relative to the BHD process. Finally, environment potential impact of both processes are analyzed. The most significant on the environment is hydro-processing stage and both processes provide same environmental results.
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    Dimethyl ether synthesis via methanol dehydration over BEA zeolite from bagasse fly ash with zircronium- and nickel-ion exchange
    (2014-01-01)
    Pranee, Watcharakorn
    ;
    Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Arthit
    ;
    Intarachit, Sasitorn
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Sutasinee
    The synthesis of dimethyl ether via methanol dehydration has been carried out over Beta zeolite (BEA) and ion-exchanged Beta zeolite from bagasse fly ash using hydrothermal method. The reactions were taken place in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of nickel and zirconium ionexchanged of BEA were investigated. Ni-BEA zeolite exhibited high methanol conversion rate and DME-resultant upon the reaction temperature from 200 to 225°C with equilibrium-limiting condition over 225°C; Furthermore, the Ni-BEA zeolite presented the best stable activity at 225°C over 1,200 minute. The Ni-BEA zeolite has also been interesting as a zeolite which suited to be one role importance to improve the properties for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Dimethyl ether synthesis via methanol dehydration over diatomite catalyst modified using hydrochloric acid
    (2014-01-01)
    Pranee, Watcharakorn
    ;
    Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Arthit
    ;
    Neramittagapong, Sutasinee
    The synthesis of dimethyl ether via methanol dehydration has been carried out over untreated-diatomite catalyst (DM) and hydrochloric acid modified treatment on diatomite catalyst (DMHC). The reactions were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of hydrochloric acid modifications of diatomite on its catalytic performance were studied. The characterization such as XRD, SEM, FT-IR and FT-Raman had no deformation after HCl-modified treatment on catalysts. DMHC catalyst apparently gave the higher methanol conversion rate than DM due to the acidity while the selectivity of dimethyl ether from 250 to 350°C was slightly changed. The acidity was depended upon Al<sup>(IV)</sup> ions; nevertheless, both Al<sup>(V)</sup> and Al<sup>(VI)</sup> were affected and hence increasing the basic active sites. Not only was the competitively catalytic methanol dehydrogenation preferred with basic condition but also methanol-blocking water molecule interaction was the unwanted reaction. In this investigation, the chemical-bond arrangements of silicon and aluminium ions were proposed with solid MAS/NMR. The DMHC catalyst exhibited better DME yield than the DM catalyst, and it could be used as a selective catalyst for DME synthesis from methanol. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Role of substrate's electrophilicity in base catalysis by zeolites: Alkylation of acetonitrile with methanol
    (2004-03-15)
    Sooknoi, Tawan
    ;
    Dwyer, John
    The role of substrate's electrophilicity in base catalysis was studied by competitive adsorption and catalytic alkylation of acetonitrile over basic zeolite catalysts. Methanol was used as alkylating agent, comparing with the side-chain alkylation of toluene. Solid base zeolite catalysts including CsNaX, CsNaY and CsNaEMT were prepared and modified by simple ion exchange and impregnating parent zeolites with caesium salt. Their physical and chemical characteristics were then determined by XRD, SEM and elemental analysis. Adsorption was studied by FTIR using a special in situ adsorption cell. The gas-phase catalytic reaction was carried in a down-flow microreactor and products from the reaction were analysed by on-line TCD-GC. Adsorption strength of the substrates was found to depend largely on their electrophilicity and basicity of the zeolite framework. The strong adsorption of acetonitrile on basic zeolite catalysts also leads to an increased alkylation activity, but reduces the decomposition of methanol to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In addition to the reaction temperature, the competitive adsorption of acetonitrile and methanol predominantly effects on product selectivity, particularly the unsaturation/saturation ratio. Moreover, the excess caesium "clusters" present in the zeolite framework plays important role in both adsorption and alkylation of the substrates. Further investigation was made on stability of the catalysts and it was found that coke formation is small in base catalysis, as compared to those found in acid zeolites. FTIR reveals that the carbon deposits are composed mainly of high polar products and the catalysts can be readily regenerated without significant loss of catalytic activity. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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