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    Combination of mechanical and chemical extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and its properties of microencapsulation
    (2021-05-01)
    Pan-utai, Wanida
    ;
    Boonpok, Sirinapa
    ;
    Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
    Astaxanthin is a red pigment that is naturally produced by the freshwater microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Cell wall thickness of red cyst aplanospores is a barrier for extraction. Astaxanthin extraction from H. pluvialis UTEX 2505 was improved by ultrasonic assistance techniques with various conditions of solvent, extraction time and cycles of extraction to generate maximum recovery. Highest astaxanthin content and extraction yield were obtained using ethyl acetate under ultrasonic treatment for 25 min with five repeated extraction cycles. Encapsulation of astaxanthin was studied at different conditions. Ratio of maltodextrin and gum Arabic at 7.5:2.5 was most suitable for astaxanthin microencapsulation. Increased encapsulation efficiency of astaxanthin powder is suitable for food, pharmaceutical and other natural astaxanthin applications from H. pluvialis.
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    Clay tiles production using palm ash, spent bleaching earth, and palm fiber as substitute materials
    (2020-01-01)
    Srisang, Naruebodee
    ;
    Srisang, Siriwan
    The objective of this research was to study the clay tile (CT) production using palm ash (PA), spent bleaching earth (SBE) and palm fiber (PF) as substitute materials. The effect of ingredients and PF length on CT qualities were investigated. The ingredient of clay: PA: SBE: PF used three proportions as following 58: 20: 20: 2, 56: 20: 20: 4, and 54: 20: 20: 6 (% by weight, wt). Each ingredient used the fiber length of 15 and 25 mm. The crystalline phase of raw materials was inspected. The CT after production were examined qualities as accorded with Thai industrial standard (TIS) in terms of water absorption, bulk density, acid corrosion and transverse breaking strength (TBS). Results showed that the clay tile qualities in terms of bulk density and acid corrosion were in the acceptable level as 1.45-1.65 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and less than 0.03%, respectively. The water absorption quality was more than 6.5% and the TBS was below 600 N. Hence, this research also revealed that the all wastes (PA, SBE, PF) from palm oil industry can be used to produce the clay tile.
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    Identification and Differences of Total Proteins and their Soluble Fractions in some Pseudocereals Based on Electrophoretic Patterns
    (2003-12-17)
    Drzewiecki, Jerzy
    ;
    Delgado-Licon, Efren
    ;
    Haruenkit, Ratiporn
    ;
    Pawelzik, Elke
    ;
    Martin-Belloso, Olga
    Genetic diversity and relationships of 11 species and cultivars belonging to different Angiosperms families were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate seed protein markers. The protein was resolved into 36 bands (for soybean), 41 (for quinoa), 35 (for buckwheat), and 28 to 39 bands of Amaranth species, respectively. All species and cultivars can be distinguished from each other. Soybean, quinoa, and buckwheat species had a characteristic protein pattern showing a high degree of polymorphism. The protein patterns of soybean were considerably different from other species. Amaranth species had similar seed protein electrophoretic profile. The similarity coefficients calculated on the basis of presence and absence of bands ranged from 0.08 to 0.97. Following the UPGMA algorithm of similarity coefficients, the examined species and varieties could be clustered into two similarity groups. Our results did not confirm the Tachtadzjan hypothesis that Polygonales (e.g., buckwheat) and Caryophyllales (e.g., quinoa and amaranth) are closely related. Our data rather indicate occurrence of significant genetic distance (similarity coefficients 0.05-0.10). Also, it is doubtful that amaranth and quinoa species are also closely related (similarity coefficients varied from 0.16 to 0.25). It seems that soybean, quinoa, buckwheat, and amaranth (as a genus) can be considered as phylogenetic distant taxa. Differences and similarities in the secondary structure were observed by circular dichroism spectra. Some similarity was found between these plants in their soluble protein fractions and amino acid composition. These plants can be a substitution of each other as well as for cereals.