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The Structure of the Cannibal Sludge flocs generated under the fast and the slow feed conditions and their Digestibility
(2024-06-01)
Khanthongthip, Passkorn
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Novak, John T.
An activated sludge system that incorporates a sidestream anaerobic bioreactor, called the Cannibal process, generated about 60 % less solids than conventional activated sludge without any negative effects on the effluent quality. In addition, operating the Cannibal process with different feeding patterns can result in different system performance. When the feed is provided to the Cannibal system over a period of 5 minutes (fast feed), the system generates less solid than the Cannibal system fed over a period of 4 hours (slow feed). In this study, the cation exchange resin (CER) and sulfide addition procedures were utilized to extract the Cannibal sludge flocs generated under the fast and the slow feed conditions to gain a fundamental insight on the structure and their components of those flocs. In addition, the fast and the slow feed Cannibal sludge was anaerobically and aerobically digested to evaluate the effect of feeding patterns on their digestibility. It was found that the readily biodegradable (1 kDa.) CER and sulfide extracted protein is larger in the flocs from the fast feed than the slow feed Cannibal system. When these two different types of flocs were anaerobically digested, the major fractions to be degraded were the sulfide extractable proteins. It was also found that the proteins in the fast feed Cannibal sludge flocs were degraded more than that in the slow feed Cannibal sludge flocs under anaerobic conditions. Consequently, it can be proposed that the influence of the high substrate pressure (fast feed) is to generate larger readily biodegradable proteins in the fast feed than the slow feed Cannibal sludge flocs. Because the 1 kDa. sulfide extracted proteins released from the fast feed Cannibal sludge floc are more biodegradable than that from the slow feed Cannibal sludge under anaerobic environment, it can be thought that the 1 kDa. proteins generated under the fast feed condition may consist of either many simple amino acids that are easily degradable or amino acids that microorganisms cannot produce but need to consume for their survival.
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Exploration of nutritional and bioactive peptide properties in goat meat from various primal cuts during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption
(2024-06-01)
Luasiri, Pichitpon
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Sangsawad, Papungkorn
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Pongsetkul, Jaksuma
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Paengkoum, Pramote
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Nakharuthai, Chatsirin
Objective: This research aims to explore the nutritional and bioactive peptide properties of goat meat taken from various primal cuts, including the breast, shoulder, rib, loin, and leg, to produce these bioactive peptides during in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and absorption. Methods: The goat meat from various primal cuts was obtained from Boer goats with an average carcass weight of 30±2 kg. The meat was collected within 3 h after slaughter and was stored at –80°C until analysis. A comprehensive assessment encompassed various aspects, including the chemical composition, cooking properties, in vitro GI digestion, bioactive characteristics, and the bioavailability of the resulting peptides. Results: The findings indicate that the loin muscles contain the highest protein and essential amino acid composition. When the meats were cooked at 70°C for 30 min, they exhibited distinct protein compositions and quantities in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile, suggesting they served as different protein substrates during GI digestion. Subsequent in vitro simulated GI digestion revealed that the cooked shoulder and loin underwent the most significant hydrolysis during the intestinal phase, resulting in the strongest angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibition. Following in vitro GI peptide absorption using a Caco-2 cell monolayer, the GI peptide derived from the cooked loin demonstrated greater bioavailability and a higher degree of ACE and DPP-IV inhibition than the shoulder peptide. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of goat meat, particularly cooked loin, as a functional meat source for protein, essential amino acids, and bioactive peptides during GI digestion and absorption. These peptides promise to play a role in preventing and treating metabolic diseases due to their dual inhibitory effects on ACE and DPP-IV.
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Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
(2021-02-01)
Wong, Chung Yiin
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Lim, Jun Wei
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Lam, Man Kee
Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ-rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.
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A review on insights for green production of unconventional protein and energy sources derived from the larval biomass of black soldier fly
(2020-05-01)
Hasnol, Sabrina
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Wong, Chung Yiin
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Khe, Cheng Seong
The purpose of this review is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and protein contents vary with the rearing conditions as well as the downstream processing employed. The homogenous, heterogenous and microbial-treated substrates via fermentation are used to rear BSFL and are compared in this review for the simultaneous production of larval protein and biodiesel. Moreover, the best moisture content and the aeration rate of larval feeding substrates are also reported in this review to enhance the growth of BSFL. As the downstream process after harvesting starts with larval inactivation, various related methods have also been reviewed in relation to its impact on the quality/quantity of larval protein and lipids. Subsequently, the other downstream processes, namely, extraction and transesterification to biodiesel, are finally epitomized from the literature to provide a comprehensive review for the production of unconventional protein and lipid sources from BSFL feedstock. Incontrovertibly, the review accentuates the great potential use of BSFL biomass as a green source of protein and lipids for energy production in the form of biodiesel. The traditional protein and energy sources, preponderantly fishmeal, are unsustainable naturally, pressingly calling for immediate substitutions to cater for the rising demands. Accordingly, this review stresses the benefits of using BSFL biomass in detailing its production from upstream all the way to downstream processes which are green and economical at the same time.
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Hydrocarbon production and biodiesel properties of a green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2 cultivated outdoor in open pond and closed photobioreactor
(2018-03-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
Botryococcus braunii is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In general, selection of the most suitable cultivation systems is based on profitable yield and oil quality. The feasibility of using this alga as feedstock for commercial biodiesel production was tested by comparing the cultivation in open pond and closed photobioreactor under the 5 g⋅kg-1 optimum salinity condition previously found, and the results were that the hydrocarbon content (40.7±1.6%) of the alga cultivated in open pond was higher than that cultivated in the photobioreactor and its biomass (2.9±0.1 g⋅L-1) was much higher; its biodiesel properties, however, were nearly identical with cetane values of 48.15-56.99. Drastically different though were the hydrocarbon yields-cultivation in the open pond produced 2.3 times higher yield than the closed photobioreactor. Hence, outdoor cultivation under optimum salinity in open pond was considered suitable for biodiesel production by this algal strain.
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Enhanced growth and hydrocarbon production of Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2 by optimum carbon dioxide concentration and concentration-dependent effects on its biochemical composition and biodiesel properties
(2017-01-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Prachom, Noratat
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Sornchai, Piyanast
The purposes of this study were to find the optimum level of supplementing CO<inf>2</inf> for increasing the biomass and hydrocarbon production of B. braunii KMITL 2 (A race) and to determine the effects of CO<inf>2</inf> level on CO<inf>2</inf> fixation and biodiesel properties. The experimental results showed that the alga supplemented with 10% CO<inf>2</inf> produced the highest biomass (1.48 ± 0.02 g L−1) and CO<inf>2</inf> fixation rate (100.43 ± 1.42 mg L−1 d−1) that were 2.7 and 5.3 times higher than the control (0.04% CO<inf>2</inf>). The gravimetric hydrocarbon content (36.82 ± 3.39%) and hydrocarbon titer (0.35 ± 0.03 g L−1) of the alga supplemented with 5% CO<inf>2</inf> were 1.6 and 2.7 times higher than the control. Cultivation of this strain under 5% CO<inf>2</inf> gave the highest hydrocarbon yield and good biodiesel properties with the lowest iodine value and a higher CN value than the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel standards.
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Effects of low pH and Pb2+ stress on living cyanobacterium, Phormidium angustissimum West & G.S.West: A test of its feasibility as a living biosorbent
(2013-06-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Wongrat, Ladda
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Choochote, Sakchai
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Ganmanee, Monthon
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Saparnklang, Atiya
Pb2+ adsorption by the living cyanobacterium, Phormidium angustissimum followed the Langmuir adsorption model, with the maximum adsorption capacity (q <inf>max</inf>) of 295.4 ± 13.8 mg g-1. This result suggests that P. angustissimum is a promising living biosorbent to remove Pb2+ from wastewaters. Living biosorbents are better able to remove Pb2+ from wastewater than dead biosorbents, however there are practical limitations for their use are encountered in extreme conditions such as low pH and high Pb2+ concentration. The feasibility of using cyanobacterium, P. angustissimum, as a living biosorbent for the extraction of Pb2+ from wastewater was studied by investigating its photosynthestic performance and tolerance under Pb2+ (0-5 mg L-1) contamination and low pH (pH 3-7). Decreased photosynthetic performance caused by Pb2+ contamination and low pH stress was detected in this study by means of a reduction of the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F<inf>v</inf>/F<inf>m</inf>). Detoxification mechanisms of P. angustissimum on Pb2+ appeared to increase its intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), exocellular polysaccharides (EPS), and protein. Living P. angustissimum could increase the pH of the solution which resulted in Pb2+ precipitation. The unique ability of P. angustissimum to remove Pb2+ and to grow under toxic conditions, demonstrated herein, indicates that it is a promising living biosorbent for mildly acidic water contaminated with Pb2+ in bioremoval systems in the which pH is not lower than 5 and Pb2+ is not higher than 5 mg L-1. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
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Dietary Wolffia arrhiza meal as a substitute for soybean meal: Its effects on the productive performance and egg quality of laying Japanese quails
(2012-09-01)
Suppadit, Tawadchai
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Jaturasitha, Sanchai
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Sunthorn, Napassawan
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Poungsuk, Pukkapong
Wolffia arrhiza meal (WAM) was evaluated as a protein replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of laying Japanese quails. A total of 480 4-week-old laying quails were randomly allocated to form six groups in a completely randomized design. Each group contained four replicates, with 20 quails per replicate. WAM was incorporated into the diets at levels of 0, 4.00, 8.00, 12.0, 16.0 and 20.0%. The results showed that feed intake per bird per day, daily egg-laying rate, feed cost per 100 egg weight, egg width, egg length, egg weight, eggshell thickness, yolk height and shell quality characteristics in terms of breaking time, Young's modulus, work, maximum force, fracturability, breaking stress, stiffness and power showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) among the 0 to 16.0% levels of WAM. However, these performance measures were significantly lower with 20.0% WAM in the formulated ration (P < 0.05). Mortality showed no significant differences among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The color intensity of the yolk increased as SBM was replaced with increasing amounts of WAM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, WAM could be successfully used in place of SBM. However, the amount used should not exceed 16.0%. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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Hydroxyapatite formation on CaSiO3 ceramics in protein containing system
(2001-01-01)
Okada, Kiyoshi
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Siriphannon, Punnama
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Kameshima, Yoshikazu
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Yasumori, Atsuo
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Hayashi, Shigeo
α-CaSiO<inf>3</inf> ceramics with a nominal composition of CaO 46.0, SiO<inf>2</inf> 54.0, and Na<inf>2</inf>O 0.4 wt% were soaked in two different solutions, simulated body fluid (SBF) and α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM), to study the effect of protein on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA). The SBF solution contained the same inorganic salts as in the human blood plasma, while the α-MEM solution contained both inorganic salts and various proteins. Both soaking systems were maintained at 36.5°C and a flow rate of about 40 ml/day for various periods of times. A complete coating of HA formed on the surface of the α-CaSiO<inf>3</inf> ceramics in both solutions, but with different formation behavior and microstructure. The HA formed in the α-MEM system had ball-like particle morphology with a smaller particle size than the material formed in the SBF system. Cristobalite and/or unknown silicate phase coprecipitate with the HA in the α-MEM system but not in SBF. The HA layer formed on the ceramic surface achieved a thickness of about 80 and 93 μm after 20 days soaking in SBF and α-MEM solutions, respectively. The presence of protein in the α-MEM solution was considered to effect the microstructure of HA and possibly enhanced HA precipitation on the α-CaSiO<inf>3</inf> ceramic. © 2002 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

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