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Formulation of microemulsion-based biofuels via the HLD framework
(2025-01-01)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Charoensaeng, Ampira
The attention given to reverse micelle microemulsion for biofuel production has increased over the years. For Winsor Type II microemulsion systems using vegetable oil/diesel blends as an oil phase and an alkanol (i.e., ethanol) as a polar phase, surfactants with or without cosurfactants play a crucial role in the formulations. In this work, the microemulsion biofuel formulations were reviewed and discussed with regard to the formulation compositions (i.e., polar phase, oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant). The optimized systems in the literature were selected to calculate the HLD values. The HLD concept was investigated to predict the formulations, especially the total surfactant and cosurfactant concentration, for specific microemulsion biofuels. From the published experimental data set, correlations relating to the characteristics of the surfactant, cosurfactant, polar phase, and oil were examined. The results indicate that the HLD concept can be a useful tool to predict and provide the appropriate range of the surfactant/cosurfactant amount at the laboratory scale, which can then be developed and extended to the industrial scale in biofuel production.
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Application of atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium microwave discharge plasma for decomposition of sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous solution
(2021-01-01)
ARUNRUNGRUSMI, Somchai
;
POONTHONG, Wittawat
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SONGRUK, Apidat
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MUNGKUNG, Narong
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THUNGSUK, Nutte
The typical household uses dish detergent, laundry detergent, and other synthetic detergents that contain large amounts of surfactants. For example, in the laundry case, it is common to use a combination of detergents and fabric softeners, and the anionic surfactants contained in the detergent and cationic surfactants contained in the fabric softener is bonded together to create a condition where surfactants do not decompose easily in aqueous solutions. As a result, surfactants that are drained into the water without degradation can cause environmental damage and pollution to ecosystems, oceans, and waterways. In this study, an aqueous solution containing anionic surfactants was treated by an atmosphericpressure non-equilibrium microwave discharge plasma jet using an Ar gas and an Ar + H2 mixture gas to enable decomposition of the surfactants in the aqueous solution by the OH and H2 radicals given off in the plasma.
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Xylitol and gluconic acid productions via photocatalytic-glucose conversion using TiO2 fabricated by surfactant-assisted techniques: Effects of structural and textural properties
(2017-08-01)
Payormhorm, Jiraporn
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Chuangchote, Surawut
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
;
Chiarakorn, Siriluk
;
Laosiripojana, Navadol
High-value chemicals can be converted from biomass and its derivatives by various methods. In this work, gluconic acid was obtained from photocatalytic conversion of glucose with synthesized TiO<inf>2</inf>. Moreover, another high-value chemical, xylitol, was firstly found from the photocatalysis in this work. Arabinose and formic acid are other co-products obtained from the reactions. Two surfactants, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were used in conventional sol-gel (SG), ultrasonication sol-gel (US), and hydrothermal (HD) methods to fabricate TiO<inf>2</inf> with different structural and textural properties. Appropriate surface area and phase composition of TiO<inf>2</inf> for production of the highest yields of gluconic acid and xylitol were investigated. It was found that all surfactant-assisted fabrications increased surface area and anatase content of TiO<inf>2</inf> photocatalysts, resulting in high glucose conversion and high yields of xylitol, arabinose and formic acid. The highest yield of xylitol (6.45%) was obtained from US/CTAB-TiO<inf>2</inf>. Unfortunately, the yield of gluconic acid did not increase by increasing time, because it was also decomposed during photocatalysis. The moderate photocatalysis was found from SG/PEG-TiO<inf>2</inf> (100% anatase, surface area 5.93 m<sup>2</sup>/g) that provided the highest yield of gluconic acid (7.6%) in 120 min.
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Surfactant effect on the physicochemical characteristics of γ-oryanol-containing solid lipid nanoparticles
(2016-01-05)
Karn-orachai, Kullavadee
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Smith, Siwaporn Meejoo
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Saesoo, Somsak
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Treethong, Alongkot
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Puttipipatkhachorn, Satit
Surfactants employed in production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) play a major role on physical stability of nanoparticles, and the extent of drug dissolution and permeability into cells. In this study, cationic (cetyl pyridinium chloride), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and non-ionic (Tween 80) surfactants, as well as its combinations, were employed to formulate compritol based SLNs using γ-oryzanol as a model drug. The physicochemical properties of drug-loaded SLNs are influenced by the surfactant composition systems. Surfactant blend systems gave SLNs with superior stability compared with single surfactant systems due to enhanced incorporation of the drug within the solid lipid matrix. This may be due to synergic effects arising from electrostatic repulsion of the surfactant charges (ionic), the steric hindrance of surfactant structure (non-ionic), and ion-pairing effects between cationic and anionic ones. The cytotoxicity results demonstrated that positively charged SLNs can be uptaken into cells to a high extent. Nevertheless, the mixed surfactant systems (cationic/non-ionic and cationic/anionic/non-ionic), have remarkable advantages providing SLNs with high cell internalization capability, however, low cytotoxicity. This systematic investigation may give an insight into the practical integration of multi-surfactant systems to achieve non-toxic and highly effective drug delivery systems.
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The effect of surfactant composition on the chemical and structural properties of nanostructured lipid carriers
(2014-01-01)
Karn-Orachai, Kullavadee
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Smith, Siwaporn Meejoo
;
Phunpee, Sarunya
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Treethong, Alongkot
;
Puttipipatkhachorn, Satit
Fine-tuning the nanoscale structure and morphology of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) is central to improving drug loading and stability of the particles. The role of surfactant charge on controlling the structure, the physicochemical properties and the stability of NLCs has been investigated using three surfactant types (cationic, anionic, non-ionic), and mixed surfactants. Either one, a mixture of two, or a mixture of three surfactants were used to coat the NLCs, with these classified as one, two and three surfactant systems, respectively. The mixed (two and three) surfactant systems produced smaller NLC particles and yielded NLCs with lower crystallinity than the one surfactant system. The combined effects of the ionic and the non-ionic surfactants may play a key role in assisting the lipid-oil mixing, as well as maintaining colloidal repulsion between NLC particles. In contrast, for the three surfactant system, the lipid-oil mixture in the NLCs appeared less homogenous. This was also reflected in the results of the stability study, which indicated that NLC particle sizes in two surfactant systems appeared to be retained over longer periods than for other surfactant systems. © 2014 Informa UK Ltd.

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