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Optimizing sustainable cement replacement using ceramic tile waste: Enhanced strength and microstructural performance
(2026-03-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Sukkatorn, Paratee
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
The increasing demand for cement in the construction industry has intensified the depletion of natural resources and accelerated environmental impacts associated with cement production, including high CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Simultaneously, the ceramic tile manufacturing process generates substantial amounts of waste, particularly sludge waste and rectified tile waste, which are typically discarded despite their high silica and alumina contents. This study examines the potential of utilizing ceramic tile waste as a partial replacement for cement in mortar formulations, promoting sustainable material use. XRF and XRD analyses revealed substantial SiO<inf>2</inf> concentrations in both waste types, indicating suitability for pozzolanic reactions. Mortar samples containing varied amounts of tile waste were examined for physical properties, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics. The replacement of 50 % of cement with rectified tile waste significantly enhanced long-term strength, surpassing that of the 100 % cement control at 28 days, due to improved pozzolanic activity and a denser microstructure. Conversely, the replacement of sludge waste led to reduced strength due to higher porosity and weaker hydration. Further investigation of rectified tile waste at replacement levels of 30-70 % confirmed that 50 % substitution provides the optimum balance between strength performance and material sustainability. Microstructural analysis with SEM confirmed these findings, revealing well-formed C-S-H and reduced pore spaces at the optimal replacement ratio. Overall, rectified tile waste demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable cement replacement material, offering reductions in cement consumption, CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, and ceramic waste disposal while maintaining or improving mechanical performance.
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Biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification: technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment
(2026-01-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Nimmanterdwong, Prathana
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Hunsub, Panusorn
Previous studies have developed biodiesel production methods from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification (EE-SET) to minimize the energy consumption associated with solvent evaporation. In this study, we perform a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the profitability and sustainability of EE-SET. The material and energy balances in the TEA and LCA were derived from Aspen Plus<sup>®</sup> V12 based on experimental data from previous research. The results from the base case indicated that EE-SET was unprofitable and posed a considerable environmental burden by disposing of defatted SCG (DSCG) as solid waste due to two main issues. First, the amount of DSCG was 4.8 times greater than the total biodiesel and glycerol produced. Second, landfilling DSCG incurred waste treatment costs and induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions simultaneously. Selling DSCG as a feedstock for solid fuel pellets offers an effective strategy for achieving profitability and sustainability. As such, EE-SET addresses the economic drawback of generating profit from selling DSCG while reducing waste treatment costs. Using DSCG as a solid fuel for environmental benefits increases ash disposal credit and substantially reduces GHG emissions. The incorporation of pelletizing units or biomass power plants into EE-SET represents a promising avenue for future research.
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New Design in Heritage High-Speed Rail (HSR) Stations: A Research Case Study of Balancing Conservation and Modernisation at St. Pancras International Station (London, United Kingdom)
(2026-01-01)
Hui, Yann Hin Son
This research investigates the integration of modern design within St. Pancras International Station (SPIS), a heritage High-Speed Rail (HSR) station in London, United Kingdom (UK), focusing on the balance between conservation and modernisation. The research study employs a qualitative, literature-based research methodology and a case research study analysis of SPIS to assess how modernisation efforts align with conservation principles. The literature review synthesises existing knowledge on architectural conservation, heritage adaptation, and High-Speed Rail infrastructure, identifying key research gaps in user perception, design interventions, and comparative modernisation strategies. The case research study examines the historical significance of SPIS, key architectural interventions, and their impact on accessibility, passenger experience, and sustainability. Findings reveal that the redevelopment of SPIS successfully integrates heritage preservation with modern infrastructure through strategic architectural and engineering solutions, improving passenger flow, accessibility, and operational efficiency while maintaining historical integrity. The research study highlights the role of sustainability in heritage conservation, demonstrating how adaptive reuse and energy-efficient strategies can enhance the longevity of historic rail stations. The research contributes to ongoing debates on balancing heritage conservation with modern infrastructure demands, offering insights applicable to future railway station modernisation projects.
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Insights from dual-platform metabolomics on durian flowers: An alternative source of procyanidins from agricultural waste with bioactivities
(2025-07-01)
Potijun, Supakorn
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Pattarapipatkul, Nattaya
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Boonma, Pitchakorn
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Pewlong, Putthamas
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Pathtubtim, Intira
Procyanidins, which are polyphenol compounds in grape seeds, apples, and berries, are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated durian flowers, an agricultural waste, as a novel procyanidin source. Durian trees bloom prolifically, but not all flowers develop into mature fruits, representing underutilized resources. Dual-platform metabolomic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry annotates polyphenols such as (−)-epicatechin, procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. The 80 % (v/v) ethanol extraction yielded a crude extract with a total procyanidin content of 7.68 mg/g. Bioactivity assays revealed that the procyanidin-rich crude extract reduced oxidative stress and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against UVA in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). This study is the first to propose durian flowers as a sustainable and cost-effective procyanidin source with potential application in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries, contributing significantly to the repurposing of agricultural waste through green technology.
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Integrating Blockchain and Smart Contracts for Carbon Credit Management in Thailand: A Preliminary Multidisciplinary Analysis
(2025-01-01)
Trakunsathitman, Phanthika
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Chaisamran, Chiratt
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Surasak, Thattapon
Blockchain and smart contracts have emerged as transformative technologies for enhancing transparency, security, and automation in carbon credit management. This study explores the integration of these technologies within the context of Thailand's carbon markets, focusing on system design, user interface development, and blockchain architecture. A UX testing phase was conducted to evaluate usability, security perception, and transaction efficiency. The results demonstrate strong stakeholder trust in blockchain's security benefits while identifying areas for improvement in user guidance and error feedback. While blockchain-based carbon credit platforms exist globally, this study examines their feasibility in Thailand and highlights potential challenges, including policy considerations and stakeholder engagement. The findings suggest that blockchain and smart contracts can enhance market transparency and compliance mechanisms, paving the way for further research into their broader adoption in sustainability initiatives.
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Towards sustainable construction: Harnessing potential of pumice powder for eco-friendly concrete, augmented by hybrid fiber integration to elevate concrete performance
(2024-12-01)
Farooq, Umar
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Rizwan, Muhammad
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Khaliq, Wasim
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Ejaz, Ali
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Saingam, Panumas
This study investigates the innovative use of industrial waste pozzolana, specifically pumice powder (PP), as a partial replacement for cement, combined with hybrid fibers in concrete. Seven formulations varying PP content from 10 % to 35 % were tested, identifying 15 % PP as optimal. PP improved porosity due to its fineness, leading to better homogeneity, a refined microstructure, and an optimum compressive strength of 28.8 MPa with reduced permeability, enhancing durability. Hybrid fibers, including steel fibers (SF) from waste tires and polypropylene fibers (PF), improved toughness, ductility, and resistance to brittle failure. Tests on hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HyFRC) mixes with 1 % and 2 % hybrid fibers showed up to an 18.09 % increase in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Energy dissipation in compressive response improved by 544.20 %, while flexural and splitting responses increased by up to 299.65 % and 208.57 %. Durability assessments in hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>) exposure revealed the synergy of fibers and PP enhanced resistance to chemical degradation, with high PF mixes losing as little as 0.04 % strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed a dense, well-bonded matrix with reduced porosity. Analytical characterizations of mixtures such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were studied. Regression models developed using Popovic's and Mander's models, accurately predicted HyFRC stress-strain behavior, closely aligning with experimental results. The integration of PP and hybrid fibers not only improved mechanical properties but also extended service life in harsh environments, offering a cost-effective, sustainable concrete solution.
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Synergizing Portland Cement, high-volume fly ash and calcined calcium carbonate in producing self-compacting concrete: A comprehensive investigation of rheological, mechanical, and microstructural properties
(2024-12-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Chatveera, Burachat
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Promsawat, Pongsakon
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Nawaz, Adnan
The manufacturing of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the primary contributors to atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>. The use of high-volume OPC replacement materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been the focus of several investigations owing to the increased demand for environmentally friendly building materials. This paper presents the experimental investigation of the properties of SCC, where 25–70 % OPC was replaced with fly ash and calcined calcium carbonate (BCC). Different experimental tests, such as workability, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructural characteristics, have been carried out. The test results of workability showed that all the mixes were conforming to satisfactory conditions of EFNARC for the T500 flow timings within the range from 2.50 to 4.55 seconds and slump flow values within the range from 650 to 800 mm. This mix, here called 20F5C, had optimum behaviour with its 91-day compressive strength of 73.8 MPa, a gain of 7.7 % over the control. Replacement ratio, microstructure, and mechanical properties were correlated. Even high-replacement mixes like 50F20C provided a 91-day compressive strength of 58.9 MPa. This clearly shows the prospect of a considerable reduction in cement consumption while maintaining structural integrity. These results indicate the possibility of reduced OPC consumption in concrete production, which again identifies low carbon emission and utilization of waste according to international sustainability goals. The findings have revealed that SCC made with high-volume replacements of OPC could be an economically viable and environmentally friendly solution for the construction industry worldwide.
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Insights into recent innovations in barrier resistance of edible films for food packaging applications
(2024-06-01)
Shah, Yasir Abbas
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Bhatia, Saurabh
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Al-Harrasi, Ahmed
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Tarahi, Mohammad
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Almasi, Hadi
The utilization of biopolymer-based food packaging holds significant promise in aligning with sustainability goals and enhancing food safety by offering a renewable, biodegradable, and safer alternative to traditional synthetic polymers. However, these biopolymer-derived films often exhibit poor barrier and mechanical properties, potentially limiting their commercial viability. Desirable barrier properties, such as moisture and oxygen resistance, are critical for preserving and maintaining the quality of packaged food products. This review comprehensively explores different traditional and advance methodologies employed to access the barrier properties of edible films. Additionally, this review thoroughly examines various approaches aimed at enhancing the barrier properties of edible films, such as the fabrication of multilayer films, the selection of biopolymers for composite films, as well as the integration of plasticizers, crosslinkers, hydrophobic agents, and nanocomposites. Moreover, the influence of process conditions, such as preparation techniques, homogenization, drying conditions, and rheological behavior, on the barrier properties of edible films has been discussed. The review provides valuable insights and knowledge for researchers and industry professionals to advance the use of biopolymer-based packaging materials and contribute to a more sustainable and food-safe future.
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Sustainable business model strategy for resilience among pisciculture firms in Thailand
(2024-01-01)
Rajchamaha, Kittichai
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Pornparnomchai, Montiean
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Vorrakkatham, Kridtaphob
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Pichyangkul, Chakrit
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Otakanon, Burim
This study investigated the pisciculture sector of start-ups in Thailand to determine factors of the novelty farming resilience model that promote the adoption of a sustainable business model strategy through innovation approach to improve the sector. Employing a qualitative research method, primary data were collected from 109 respondents, including start-ups, customers, regulators, and experts. Furthermore, secondary data were gathered from relevant sources. Through thematic and direct content analysis, this study identified the novelty of business model strategy that has been applied effectively to a relationship between start-ups’ awareness and their adoption of incremental innovations. This reveals that start-ups are most likely to adopt technology if they understand its contribution to farming. Moreover, they are likely to cooperate with stakeholders promoting said technology if they recognize its influence on farming. We also identified challenges in adopting a sustainable business model in the Thai pisciculture sector. The current study highlights strategies that support new knowledge sharing, help start-ups realize new ways to create innovations, and promote sustainable businesses.
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Harnessing microbial biosurfactant for agricultural applications
(2024-01-01)
Eshwarnath, V. S.
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Thyagarajan, R.
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Kishorekumar, A.
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Gopikrishnan, V.
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Radhakrishnan, M.
Biosurfactant refers to surface-acting substances that can enhance surface-surface interactions by generating micelles that are derived from natural sources including plants, microorganisms, and animals. Biosurfactants are a structurally diverse group of secondary metabolites with lots of potential to serve mankind. The structural and compositional diversity of biosurfactants is unambiguously substrate-dependent. Microbial surfactants are environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants. Biosurfactants are surface-active agents produced by microorganisms that have higher efficiency and stability, lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility and biodegradability than chemical surfactants. The differences between biosurfactant production can be attributed to the different compositions of the hydrolyzates.

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