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Upcycling waste mycelium into chitosan-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators with enhanced energy output
(2026-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Vitayakorn, Narathip
Sustainable nanogenerators require bio-based active layers that combine interfacial polarization, mechanical deformability, and stable charge generation. Herein, waste mushroom mycelium (WMM) was upcycled as a multifunctional biofiller in chitosan (CTS)-based films for piezoelectric/triboelectric energy-harvesting devices. By controlling WMM loading and glycerol plasticization, this study reveals a morphology–dielectric–compliance coupling mechanism governing device performance. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and X-ray tomographic analyses show that WMM modifies hydrogen bonding, chain packing, surface texture, and internal filler connectivity, while excessive loading causes aggregation and structural non-uniformity. The optimized 7 wt% WMM/CTS film produced a PENG-mode output of 1.87 V and 1.72 μA and a TENG output of 15.39 V and 2.54 μA. The output of the TENG was further improved to 20.35 V and 2.80 μA at a maximum power of about 44 μW with glycerol plasticization. Capacitor charging, cyclic operation, LED array illumination and seven-segment display were also shown with the optimized device. Notably, the highest low-frequency apparent permittivity was observed at 11 wt% WMM/CTS, but its output decreased because of aggregation, dielectric loss, and mechanical non-uniformity. These results demonstrate that optimum energy harvesting is governed not by dielectric permittivity alone but by balanced polar interfaces, surface asperity, moderate dielectric loss, and contact compliance. This work establishes waste mycelium as a functional biofiller for sustainable biopolymer active layers in low-power self-powered systems.
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Immobilized microalgae-driven triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable bioelectricity production
(2026-12-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Janpum, Chalampol
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Komkhum, Tanakit
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Hajra, Sugato
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Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are emerging as promising solutions for decentralised energy generation due to the growing need for sustainable power sources. These devices convert wasted mechanical energy into electricity under ambient conditions, offering advantages such as eco-friendly operation, material versatility, and effective energy scavenging. Despite these benefits, their relatively low electrical output compared to conventional sources like batteries and fuel cells remains a limitation. Microalgae have attracted attention for their ability to produce bioelectricity through photosynthesis and respiration while simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide. Immobilising microalgal cells on conductive substrates improves electron transfer and metabolic activity. In this context, living Chlorella vulgaris TISTR 8580 with varied cell densities was immobilised on aluminium electrodes and incorporated into a TENG platform to explore energy harvesting from solid-solid and solid-liquid interactions. The highest output of 110 V and 330 nA was generated, confirming the microalgae as a promising tribolayer and extending the conventional triboelectric series. However, sustaining cell viability over extended periods remains a challenge, highlighting the need for optimised light and nutrient conditions in future developments.
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DESIGNING WEAVING PATTERN AND ENGINEERING MULTILAYER STRUCTURE OF NYLON-ACRYLIC FABRIC UTILIZING IN TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR
(2025-01-01)
Navatragulpisit, Suchanat
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Krailadsirirattna, Praophansupa
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Khwanming, Rawiwan
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Pongampai, Satana
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Plaipichit, Suwan
In the contemporary era, the textile triboelectric nanogenerator (T-TENG) has sparked interest to be a powerful energy supply for small electronic devices and electronic component in next generation of electronic textiles. Most T-TENG is developed by adding other materials to fabric or cloths that probably limit the comfortable use. Fabrication of conformable fabrics with high triboelectric outputs remains challenging. This research is firmly focused on the development of fully-fabric T-TENG by employing woven nylon-acrylic fabrics as the main contact material and designing a weaving pattern together with engineering a multi-layered structure to amplify its electrical efficiency. Based on the experimental results, different weaving patterns provided different electrical output values owing to its different contact surface areas. The matt weave pattern can yield the best electrical output regarding the extreme deformations. A further significant enhancement in T-TENG’s performance is consistent with inserting polymer intermediate layer. Adding ball-fiber and kapok serves as a synergetic charge-trapping interlayer, rendering a high triboelectricity of both open circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit current (ISC) for 3 to 8 times higher than that of nylon-acrylic single layer. Finally, the multilayer fabric T-TENG is integrated with the long-sleeved garments and provide output enough to fully-charge the 0.22 μF and 0.33 μF capacitors together with brightening 30 LEDs. Finally, this work demonstrates a potential way with simple procedures in achieving fully-fabric T-TENG for small-scale energy sources that can harvest biomechanical energy to power electronic component for approaching the real application in E-textile systems.
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Equivalent circuit model and simulation for dynamic sliding droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerators
(2024-11-01)
Sriphan, Saichon
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
Recently, there has been an increase of attention to employing liquid-solid contact to harvest or sense energy from water flow. Water's considerable deformability, however, makes it challenging to investigate how water moves dynamically in relation to a water-based triboelectric nanogenerator's (TENG) output characteristic. There are a few studies examining the fundamental mechanism of a droplet-based energy generator (DEG). In addition, such an electrical model has been established based on the consideration of instantaneous output at a specific period in a saturated state. Here, we first propose the circuit model and governing equations for simulating the double-electrode DEG's electrical output, comprehensively covering the L-S contact's dynamic process. Four essential stages of charge generation of the DEG are considered in unsaturated and saturated stages. The proposed model is verified systematically with the experimental data. The relationship between structural parameters and output performance of the DEG, such as internal capacitance, residual charge, dielectric constant, droplet spreading size, and dielectric thickness, has emerged. In summary, our model effectively establishes theoretical guidance, which paves the way for high-performance supply and sensor applications based on the L-S interface.
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Triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered traffic monitoring
(2024-05-01)
Behera, Swayam Aryam
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Kim, Hang Gyeom
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Jang, Il Ryu
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
This work aims to create energy-harvesting composites using poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) EVA, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and polyaniline (PANI) composites. The novelty lies in the fabrication of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using EVA-PZT-PANI composites. These composites combine the flexibility of EVA polymer with the electricity-generating power of PZT ceramic and the conductivity of PANI. Systematic investigation of the structural, electrical, and microstructural properties of these composites is carried out to optimize their energy-harvesting performance. Among various compositions, the EVP3 device demonstrates exceptional output, generating a peak voltage of 17.8 V and a current of 190 nA at 2 Hz and 5 N applied force. The TENG demonstrates its versatility in harvesting energy from various sources by powering capacitors and collecting energy from human motions. Moreover, we show the potential application of the TENG for real-time traffic monitoring. By embedding the TENG into roads, we can measure car speeds and serve as a traffic management counter, opening up new possibilities for self-powered intelligent transportation systems.
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Cellulose-based fabrics triboelectric nanogenerator: Effect of fabric microstructure on its electrical output
(2023-01-01)
Khwanming, Rawiwan
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Pongampai, Satana
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
At present, fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been paid attention and developed for self-power generation systems with wearability for E-textiles, especially cotton. However, there are many commercial cellulose-based fabrics with different fiber characteristics and fabric structures that gain possibility to effect on TENG performance and has been underreported. This work presents the fabrication of the textile TENG by using four types of commercial cellulose-based fabrics as friction layer and compare the electrical output efficiency relating their molecular structure, fabric structure and surface morphology characteristics. As shown by the electrical output, though all fabrics can generate electricity for TENG device, nevertheless, the output signal is different because of their different total surface area of the fabric, affecting by different microstructure. The rayon fabric contains the smallest size fiber with highest surface area at the same woven structure. The obtained output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ~23 V and ~13 μA are ~1.8 times higher than most studied cotton fabric. This research demonstrated the importance of the microstructure and surface area of the fabrics that significantly affect TENG properties. The investigation in this work will useful and knowledgeable to select fabric materials before improving and using them for energy harvesting devices.
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Simple Method for Enhancing Performance of the Bacterial Cellulose-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Adding Conductive Interlayer
(2023-01-01)
Sriphan, Saichon
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
Surface charge density is a key factor that greatly enhances the performance of a natural-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is essential for future sustainable sensing and harvesting devices. This work introduced a conductive interlayer between a main frictional layer and electrode. This approach can suppress the charge recombination rate and improve the amount of charges produced during the triboelectrification process. Bacterial cellulose (BC) film was selected as a main frictional layer for the TENG. A conductive nanomaterial, i.e. silver flake, was incorporated into the BC film as an intermediate layer for enhancing TENG performance. As firstly reported, the maximum electrical outputs for the multi-layer BC structure could be found when using silver flake/BC composite (ratio 1:5) as an intermediate layer, which has 122 V and 8.2 µA of output voltage and current, respectively. This is higher than the output voltage and current of a single layer BC TENG by approximately 3 and 8 times, respectively. The maximum output power of ∼440 µW is achieved by connecting with a load resistor of ∼10 MΩ. This demonstrates an efficient strategy for designing a high performance energy harvester by adding an intermediate layer for the target of practical purposes in sustainable systems.
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Triboelectric Nanogenerator Prepared from Poly(vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) Polymer Composite
(2023-01-01)
Wannarumon, Pattarasuda
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Limsuwan, Pichet
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Sukwisute, Pisan
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Somdock, Nuttakrit
In this work, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)/reduced graphene oxide films were prepared by the solution casting method with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF/acetone mixed solvents. The effects of reduced graphene oxide and solvent type on the morphology and crystal structure of the composite films were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The morphology study showed that the addition of acetone in the film process resulted in the occurrence of tiny pores on the film surfaces. The reduced graphene oxide incorporated into the PVDF-HFP was able to promote the formation of β- phase in the composites. The maximum power of 15.58 µW was obtained from the films using DMF/acetone mixture as solvent.
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Simple enhanced charge density of chitosan film by the embedded ion method for the flexible triboelectric nanogenerator
(2022-12-01)
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Supansomboon, Supitcha
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
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Pongampai, Satana
This research proposed a simple ionic embedded method to improve electrical output performance by adding surface charges of cationic chitosan (CS) biopolymer for compatible utilization of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). By simply embedding cationic salts, the TENG performance was enhanced by over four times more than that with pristine CS. Moreover, by modifying roughness on the film surface, the optimized condition of R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> reached the highest V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> of ~149 V and ~15 μA, respectively, thus exceeding the output from pristine R-CS TENG by four- and three times of ⁓38 V and ⁓5.1 μA. The maximum power output of 400 μW/cm<sup>2</sup> can be observed at the 10 MΩ external load resistance. Finally, by integrating an automatic self-charge pumping (ASCP) module, the ASCP/CS-TENG provided highly efficient V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> output power by over 1.3 times more than the R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> TENG and could light up 72 light emitting diodes (LEDs) easily.
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Low-cost fabrication of the highly efficient triboelectric nanogenerator by designing a 3D multi-layer origami structure combined with self-charged pumping module
(2021-12-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The explosive development of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance, with a simple structure and low cost, has become an excellent candidate for a primary self-powered source of portable modern-electronic devices. There are several approaches to booting TENG performance. However, some of them still encounter major challenges when fabricating a lightweight, flexible and scalable design. Herein, three main strategies; 1) structural design with 3D multi-layer Origami structure, 2) physical surface roughness modification, and 3) connection of a self-charge pumping module (SCPM) were selected and considered in terms of cheapness, light weight and scalability, with a simple manufacturing process. By optimizing these three strategies, the 3D multi-layer Origami TENG (O-TENG) can achieve an output performance of V<inf>OC</inf> ~110 V and I<inf>SC</inf> ~26 μA, which is 18 and 52 times higher than that for the non-optimized polyimide (PI) TENG, respectively. The output voltage demonstrates consistency and fast chargeability of ∼38 V saturation voltage within ∼8 s for a 0.22μF capacitor. The maximum of ~697 μW output power (P) could be provided at 10 MΩ. The number of origami layers (n) plays an important role in output performance, while integrating an SCPM module that accelerates chargeability of the device. Moreover, the cylindrical pocket energy harvesting device was designed to harvest biomechanical energy in daily life. One hundred and seventy light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be lit and the electric calculator driven easily. The proposed strategies have the potential for high-throughput fabrication of the low-cost TENG, and can be used simply as an alternative self-powered source for portable/wearable modern electronic devices.

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