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    Integrated landslide risk assessment utilizing open source satellite and ground data in the Himalayas of Northern Pakistan
    (2025-07-01)
    Ahmad, Naseem
    ;
    Shafique, Muhammad
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    Hussain, Mian Luqman
    ;
    Shah, Munawar
    ;
    Jamjareegulgarn, Punyawi
    Landslides have devastating effect on communities, infrastructure, and the environment, making them one of the most recurring and harmful natural hazards globally. This study propose an integrated approach of freely available geospatial data and semi-quantitative techniques to evaluate landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk in one of the most landslide-prone valleys i.e., Kaghan Valley, northern Pakistan. The Google Earth Pro, high-resolution DEM and satellite images are used to develop a landslide inventory, derived causative factors and assess the landslide hazard and risk assessment in Kaghan Valley. The landslide susceptibility map is then integrated with landslide-triggering factors to derive a landslide hazardindex map. A geospatial database of element-at-risk data of 66,282 building footprints, typological data, road network, population, and land cover are obtained through remote sensing and extensive field surveys. The quantitative analysis revealed that 8.43 km<sup>2</sup> (0.66%) of the total area falls under the very high-risk category, while 271.19 km<sup>2</sup> (21.11%) is classified as high risk, and 80.91 km<sup>2</sup> (6.30%) as moderate risk, establishing a strong basis for risk assessment.
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    Port cyberattacks from 2011 to 2023: a literature review and discussion of selected cases
    (2024-03-01)
    Senarak, Chalermpong
    Cyberattacks pose a significant threat to seaports worldwide. While numerous scholars have endeavored to address these threats, their findings are often limited in practicality, applying to only a few ports. This paper aims to contribute to the extant literature by presenting and discussing 15 case studies of port cyberattacks that occurred from 2011 to 2023. These cases encompass six instances in Europe, six in America, two in Asia, and one in Africa. The study employs a twofold methodology, consisting of a comprehensive literature review and a personal assessment. Several key insights emerge. First, two primary motivations drive port cyberattacks: (a) the demand for ransom payments and (b) the desire to cause severe disruptions. Second, ransomware was the most common threat used to extort payments, followed by malware and DDoS attacks, which aimed to inflict operational disruption. Third, weaknesses in cybersecurity procedures and a lack of awareness among staff members emerged as significant contributors to cyber vulnerabilities. Forth, ports that quickly detected threats and implemented response measures were able to minimize operational impacts, ensuring the swift resumption of services and the maintenance of service continuity. Fifth, collaborative efforts with external partners and officials expedited response and recovery processes by facilitating threat investigation and solution identification. In light of these findings, it becomes imperative for all ports to develop comprehensive cyber disaster management plans, covering four key phases: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. These plans should encompass three critical aspects of cybersecurity hygiene: human factors, procedural improvements, and infrastructure enhancements. Such practices are instrumental in bolstering a port’s resilience and mitigating the risks associated with cyberattacks.
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    Vulnerability and disaster in Thailand: Scale, power, and collaboration in post-tsunami recovery
    (2013-07-01)
    Hutanuwatr, Khanin
    ;
    Bolin, Bob
    ;
    Pijawka, David
    This chapter examines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami's impacts on coastal regions of Thailand with a focus recovery dynamics and the role of community-based organizations. With more than 8,000 killed and thousands homeless in Thailand, coupled with heavy impacts to fishing villages and large-scale loss of livelihoods, recovery challenges have been extensive. Patterns of uneven geographic development among a culturally and socially diverse population produced different recovery dynamics by location across the impact zone. Based on extensive fieldwork in the region by the lead author, we examine recovery dynamics in a representative coastal village. We begin by reviewing the historical geography of the area and how development patterns shaped local vulnerabilities prior to the tsunami. This provides context for analyzing impacts and response and recovery dynamics at the research site, with a focus on the diverse ways local leaders, displaced residents, government agencies, and NGOs promoted a variety of recovery strategies. We consider how relief organizations dealt with a culturally diverse population with substantial pre-disaster vulnerabilities, including the limitations of state-centered top-down approaches to recovery. Alternative approaches based on local leadership and collaborative networks across geographic scales proved more successful at coupling vulnerability reduction with local programs of recovery. We conclude with a discussion of the role of participatory approaches and local institution building in vulnerability reduction and capacity building in the region.