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Multi-Instrument Analysis of Ionospheric Equatorial Plasma Bubbles over the Indian and Southeast Asian Longitudes During the 19–20 April 2024 Geomagnetic Storm
(2025-03-01)
Panda, Sampad Kumar
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Rajana, Siva Sai Kumar
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Vivek, Chiranjeevi G.
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Dabbakuti, Jyothi Ravi Kiran Kumar
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Jamir, Wangshimenla
In this study, we explored the occurrence of near-sunrise equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) and inhibition of dusk-time EPBs during the geomagnetic storm (SYM-Hmin= −139 nT) of 19–20 April 2024 using multi-instrument observations over the Indian and Southeast Asian longitude sectors. The initial phase of this storm commenced around 0530 UT on 19 April 2024 and did not manifest any visible alterations in the ionospheric electric fields during the main phase of the storm, which corresponded to a period between post-sunset to midnight over the study region. However, during the recovery phase of the storm, the IMF Bz suddenly flipped northward and was associated with an overshielding of the penetrating electric fields, which triggered the formation of near-sunrise EPBs. Interestingly, the persistence of EPBs was also noticed for more than three hours after the sunrise terminator. Initially, sunrise EPBs were developed in the Southeast Asian region and later drifted toward the Indian longitude region, along with the sunrise terminator. Moreover, this study suggested that the occurrence of EPBs was suppressed due to the altered storm time electric fields at the dip equatorial region across the 70–90°E longitude sector in the recovery period. This study highlighted that even moderate geomagnetic storms can generate near-sunrise EPBs in a broader longitude sector due to penetrating electric fields in overshielding conditions, which can significantly affect trans-ionospheric signals.
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Predicting Equatorial Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using the Transformer-based Model with Observations From Ground GNSS Receivers and COSMIC-2 Satellites
(2025-01-01)
Mutasov, Gleb
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Supnithi, Pornchai
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Budtho, Jirapoom
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Perwitasari, Septi
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Nishioka, Michi
Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is a key parameter for monitoring and studying the ionosphere, which induces significant delays in radio signals. Equatorial ionospheric irregularities, such as Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB), can severely disrupt satellite navigation and communication. Predicting TEC is, therefore, essential for space weather monitoring and high-precision positioning applications. This study employs a Transformer-based model to predict TEC 24 hours in advance for specific satellites based on observations from a ground station and COSMIC-2 satellites. Unlike other approaches, our model directly forecasts TEC values for visible satellites within predefined longitude-latitude ranges. To enhance predictive accuracy, we also integrate additional features: ionospheric pierce points (IPP), geomagnetic (HP60), and solar activity indices, utilizing time-series Transformer architecture, and we consider a long-short-term memory (LSTM) model as a baseline. The proposed approach provides promising results for local TEC forecasting in the specific coverage area, with potential for further enhancements using additional GNSS or TEC measurements.
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Clustering of Ionospheric Irregularities based on Spatiotemporal ROTI Keogram Images
(2024-01-01)
Mutasov, Gleb
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Min Myint, Lin Min
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Supnithi, Pornchai
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Budtho, Jirapoom
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Tongkasem, Napat
Ionospheric irregularities associated with Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) can significantly impact navigation and communication systems. Therefore, their occurrences need to be studied and predicted. To solve the prediction problem, it is necessary to identify types of spatiotemporal characteristics as reference points for the predictive model. This work employs unsupervised machine learning algorithms to identify types of ionospheric irregularities due to EPB using the rate of total electron content index (ROTI) keograms. Two machine learning methods: two models, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and k-means, are considered. Comparative analysis is performed, and the optimal number of clusters is estimated using one classical, k-means and one additional - repeatability score, introduced in this work metric. The optimal GMM model successfully classifies three types of irregularity patterns offering valuable insights for the development of an effective EPB prediction model and enhancing our understanding of ionospheric behavior.
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Ionospheric–Thermospheric Responses to Geomagnetic Storms from Multi-Instrument Space Weather Data
(2023-05-01)
Shahzad, Rasim
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Shah, Munawar
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Tariq, M. Arslan
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Calabia, Andres
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Melgarejo-Morales, Angela
We analyze vertical total electron content (vTEC) variations from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) at different latitudes in different continents of the world during the geomagnetic storms of June 2015, August 2018, and November 2021. The resulting ionospheric perturbations at the low and mid-latitudes are investigated in terms of the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), and the magnetic H component from INTERMAGNET stations near the equator. East and Southeast Asia, Russia, and Oceania exhibited positive vTEC disturbances, while South American stations showed negative vTEC disturbances during all the storms. We also analyzed the vTEC from the Swarm satellites and found similar results to the retrieved vTEC data during the June 2015 and August 2018 storms. Moreover, we observed that ionospheric plasma tended to increase rapidly during the local afternoon in the main phase of the storms and has the opposite behavior at nighttime. The equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest expansion to higher latitudes is driven by PPEF during daytime at the main and recovery phases of the storms. The magnetic H component exhibits longitudinal behavior along with the EEJ enhancement near the magnetic equator.
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Longitudinal Variations in Equatorial Ionospheric TEC from GPS, Global Ionosphere Map and International Reference Ionosphere-2016 during the Descending and Minimum Phases of Solar Cycle 24
(2022-11-01)
Ogwala, Aghogho
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Oyedokun, Oluwole Johnson
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Ogunmodimu, Olugbenga
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Akala, Andrew Ovie
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Ali, Masood Ashraf
Research on longitudinal discrepancies in local ionospheric variability, especially in equatorial and low-latitude regions, is a focal point of interest for the space weather modeling community. The ionosphere over these regions is influenced by complex electrodynamics, wind, and temperature dynamics that can seriously impact dynamic technological systems such as satellite tracking and positioning, satellite radio communication, and navigation control systems. Here, we researched the longitudinal variability in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by analyzing observed global positioning system (GPS)-derived TEC values along with those extracted from the most reliable global ionospheric maps (GIMs) and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) model at selected stations in the vicinity of the magnetic equator along the American, African, and Asian longitude sectors. The period of study covered the descending (2016–2017) and deep solar minimum (2018–2019) years in the 24th solar cycle. Apart from the decreasing trend of the TEC from the descending to deep solar minimum period irrespective of season and longitude sector, the results showed a relatively higher magnitude of TEC in the African longitude than the other two longitude sectors. Despite evident overestimation and underestimations of TEC in both models, GIM predictions generally looked better in terms of observed variation patterns, especially in the African longitude. The study also highlights the seasonal and semiannual effects of longitudinal variations in TEC, manifesting in local time offsets and some peculiar anomalies, which seemed to be different from previously reported results, especially during the solar minimum years at the three longitude sectors. The insignificant effects of longitudinal variations on the equinoctial asymmetry are attributed to the diverse electron density distribution and ionospheric morphology at the three longitude sectors that will prompt further investigations in the future. The outcomes from this study may augment the past efforts of scientists to understand the seasonal effects of the longitudinal variations in TEC, thereby complementing the improvements of ionospheric representations in global ionosphere models and maps.
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Ionospheric-Thermospheric Responses in South America to the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm Based on Multiple Observations
(2022-01-01)
Shah, Munawar
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Abbas, Ayesha
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Ehsan, Muhsan
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Aiber, Andres Calabia
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Adhikari, Binod
The ionospheric storm time responses during August 2018 are investigated over South American region using multiple observables, for example, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) from International GNSS Service, magnetic field data, geomagnetic indices, global ionospheric maps, thermospheric mass density (TMD), and [O/N2] ratio measurement. Strong-ionospheric and upper-atmospheric disturbances affected the ionospheric variables with long duration during the storm recovery phase and following after. First, daytime VTEC (9:00-20:00 UT) presented variations of >15 TECU during days 25 to 30 of August 2018 in low and middle latitudes of South America, this after sudden storm commencement (SSC). Furthermore, nighttime (21:00-24:00 and 00:00-05:00 UT) VTEC presented low values (5<TECU<7) in mid-latitude region after SSC event during the main phase, followed by high values (>8 TECU) in the recovery phase. Second, the ionospheric values during the storm main phase and following after, at low-and mid-latitudes, caused the equatorial ionization anomaly to expand due to prompt penetration electric field. Furthermore, VTEC enhancements are likely to occur few hours after the SSC of 25 August 2018, while enhancements of TMD and [O/N2] ratio started to appear later on 26 and 27 of August 2018.
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Statistical Analysis of Separation Distance Between Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Near Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Thailand
(2018-09-01)
Bumrungkit, Acharaporn
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Supnithi, Pornchai
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Saito, Susumu
Ionospheric disturbances can lead to the major detrimental effects on the availability of ground-based augmentation system. In low-latitude regions, equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) frequently arise. They originated from the bottom side of the ionosphere with the electron density inside the plasma bubbles lower than the outside area. It is well known that the EPB causes the strong fluctuation on Global Positioning System signals when passing through the ionospheric disturbed regions. Sometimes the EPBs may have more than one front. To better understand the ionospheric anomaly effect on ground-based augmentation system efficiency, the separation distance between EPBs needs to be studied. In this work, we analyze the slant total electron content from dual-frequency Global Positioning System receivers near Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Thailand, to ascertain the EPB occurrence. The distance between observed EPBs is computed based on the Haversine formula technique. The results found that the estimated separation distances between depletions on disturbed days in 2015 are in the range of 100 to 1,200 km.
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Analysis of Quiet Time Vertical Ionospheric Delay Gradients Around Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand
(2018-09-01)
Budtho, J.
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Supnithi, P.
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Saito, S.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is vital to aircraft navigation at many phases of flight. To extend its use to the approach and landing phases, ground-based augmentation system is an important on-the-ground technology to reduce the positioning errors. However, nonuniform spatial ionospheric delays need to be assessed during ground-based augmentation system planning at each airport, particularly, in equatorial and low-latitude regions. In this work, we analyze the statistics of ionospheric delay gradients around Suvarnabhumi airport, Thailand. The ionospheric delay gradients are estimated using single-frequency code and carrier phase observation through the Kalman filter. To increase the success of the ratio test, the satellite elimination technique is then proposed. Based on the analysis between 2013 and 2016, we find that the background ionospheric delay gradients during equinox are higher than solstice, especially during September equinox 2013 when the gradients are about 9 mm/km. Moreover, the ionospheric delay gradients are more variable during daytime than nighttime.
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Ionospheric delay gradient monitoring for GBAS by GPS stations near Suvarnabhumi airport, Thailand
(2015-10-01)
Rungraengwajiake, Sarawoot
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Supnithi, Pornchai
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Saito, Susumu
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Siansawasdi, Nattapong
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Saekow, Apitep
Ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) is an important augmentation system that provides the differential corrections and integrity information from the reference stations to the aircrafts for precision approach and landing. It is known that the nonuniform ionospheric characteristics called "ionospheric delay gradient" can cause the errors in differential corrections degrading the accuracy and safety level if they are undetected by the reference stations. Since the characteristics of the ionosphere are different for each region, the ionospheric delay gradient observations in equatorial and low-latitude regions are necessary for developing the suitable ionospheric threat models. The purpose of this work is to analyze the ionospheric delay gradients observed by three GPS stations near Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok, Thailand, which is located in the low-latitude region. The ionospheric irregularities in this region are mainly caused by the plasma bubble, which usually occurs after sunset. The GPS data with plasma bubble occurrence during the September equinox 2011 and 2012 are therefore analyzed. In addition, the data analysis procedure utilizing the rate of total electron content change index for this region is proposed. The results show that the ionospheric delay gradients observed in the west-east direction appear higher than the south-north direction, varying from 28 to 178 mm/km during plasma bubble occurrences.
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Latitudinal GRBR-TEC estimation in Southeast Asia region based on the two-station method
(2014-10-01)
Watthanasangmechai, Kornyanat
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Yamamoto, Mamoru
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Saito, Akinori
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Tsugawa, Takuya
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Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro
Total electron content (TEC) is an important parameter for revealing latitudinal ionospheric structures, such as the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in Southeast Asia. Understanding the EIA is beneficial for studying equatorial spread F. To reveal the structures, the absolute TEC as a function of latitude must be accurately determined. In early 2012, we expanded a GNU Radio Beacon Receiver (GRBR) network to provide latitudinal coverage in the Thailand-Indonesia sector. We employed the GRBR network to receive VHF and UHF signals from polar low-Earth-orbit satellites. The TEC offset is an unknown parameter in the absolute TEC estimation process. We propose a new technique based on the two-station method to estimate the offset for the latitudinal TEC estimation, and it works better than the original method for a sparse network. The TEC estimation system requires two iterations to minimize the root-mean-square error (RMSE). Once the RMSE reaches the global minimum, the absolute TECs are estimated simultaneously over five GRBR stations. GPS-TECs from local stations are used as the initial guess of the offset estimation. The height of the ionospheric pierce point is determined from the ionosonde hmF2. As a result, the latitudinal GRBR-TEC was successfully estimated from the polar orbit satellites. The two EIA humps were clearly captured by the GRBR-TEC. The result was well verified with the TEC reconstructed from the C/NOFS density data and the ionosonde bottomside data. This is a significant step showing that the GRBR is a useful tool for the study of low-latitude ionospheric features.

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