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    The efficacy of natural preservatives in extending the vase life of cut flowers
    (2026-01-01)
    Bhandari, Nirajan
    ;
    Pun, Umed Kumar
    ;
    Panth, Milan
    The cut flower business has been growing rapidly worldwide, with a positive and significant impact on the economies of many countries. Maintaining quality and extending the vase life of cut flowers are crucial aspects of the floral industry. Synthetic preservatives (silver nitrate, silver thiosulfate, nano-silver, hydroxy quinoline, thiabendazole, and aluminum compounds) have been commercially used in the vase to maintain the quality and longevity of cut flowers for a long time. However, these preservatives may persist in the environment, causing severe health hazards and environmental pollution, and are also expensive. Therefore, cut flower industries seek low-cost, eco-friendly, and safer alternatives. In this context, natural preservatives (NPs), including plant extracts (PEs) and essential oils (EOs), offer a promising and sustainable alternative to synthetic preservatives in the vase. This review highlights the potential NPs and their role in enhancing the quality and vase life of cut flowers. We discussed how these preservatives exert their beneficial effects, such as inhibiting microbial growth, reducing ethylene production, and enhancing water uptake, and also explored the potential issues associated with them. We conducted a structured literature review and summarized the most commonly used EOs and PEs, their optimal dosages, efficacy, and combinations, and concluded with future directions to enhance the vase life of cut flowers sustainably.
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    Antibiotic Reversal Activity of Piper longum Fruit Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus Multi-Drug Resistant Phenotype
    (2023-12-28)
    Ud Din, Maryam Salah
    ;
    Gohar, Umar Farooq
    ;
    Mukhtar, Hamid
    ;
    Khan, Ibrar
    ;
    Morris, John
    Irrational and injudicious use of antibiotics, easy availability of them as over-the-counter drugs in economically developing countries, and unavailability of regulatory policies governing antimicrobial use in agriculture, animals, and humans, has led to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria. The use of medicinal plants can be considered as an alternative, with a consequent impact on microbial resistance. We tested extracts of Piper longum fruits as new natural products as agents for reversing the resistance to antibiotics. Six crude extracts of P. longum fruits were utilized against a clinical isolate of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The antibiotic susceptibility testing disc method was used in the antibiotic resistance reversal analysis. Apart from cefoxitin and erythromycin, all other antibiotics used (lincosamides [clindamycin], quinolones [levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin], and aminoglycosides [amikacin and gentamicin]) were enhanced by P. longum extracts. The extracts that showed the greatest synergy with the antibiotics were EAPL (ethyl acetate [extract of] P. longum), n-BPL (n-butanol [extract of] P. longum), and MPL (methanolic [extract of] P. longum The results of this study suggest that P. longum extracts have the ability to increase the effectiveness of different classes of antibiotics and reverse their resistance. However, future studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the synergy between antibiotic and phytocompound(s) and identify the active biomolecules of P. longum responsible for the synergy in S. aureus.
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    Conjugated Autoxidizable Triene-Based (CAT and ApoCAT) Assays: Their Practical Application for Screening of Crude Plant Extracts with Antioxidant Functions in Relevant to Oil-in-Water Emulsions
    (2019-01-01)
    Phonsatta, Natthaporn
    ;
    Luangpituksa, Pairoj
    ;
    Figueroa-Espinoza, Maria Cruz
    ;
    Lecomte, Jérôme
    ;
    Durand, Erwann
    Many previous reports suggested that conventional antioxidant assays could not forecast antioxidant performance of plant extracts, especially when it came to a real food system such as oil-in-water emulsion. In this study, antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic plant extracts are investigated using multiple conventional assays (TPC, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC) and the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-based high throughput assays (the CAT and ApoCAT) in a comparison with an autoxidative O/W emulsion model monitored by formation of lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS values. Results suggest that only the ApoCAT assay is able to forecast the antioxidative performances of the extracts in O/W emulsions, regardless of the differences in extraction solvents, while the CAT assay can explain only the performance of ethanolic plant extracts in O/W emulsions. According to untargeted metabolite analysis, the antioxidants activities of plant extracts might be strongly influenced by extraction solvents. As a result, not only is the quantity of particular metabolites impacted, but also the whole metabolite (antioxidant) profiles of the extracts are modified. In addition, this study demonstrates that both the chemical reaction scheme and physical-state of a model are important parameters for designing a better antioxidant assay in the future. Practical Applications: The ApoCAT assay would be a more practical method for screening antioxidant compounds and/or crude plant extracts than conventional antioxidant assays and the original CAT assay. The antioxidant capacity of plant extracts obtaining from the ApoCAT can be used to represent their antioxidant performances in food emulsions regardless of their extraction solvents. Several crude plant extracts using different solvents are used to validate the performance of the CAT and the ApoCAT assays in comparisons with multiple conventional antioxidant assays. These assays differ from each other in terms of scheme of reaction and physical state of the test. In addition, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion model is used as a reference method representing the antioxidant activities in food matrices. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed to better understand the relationship among all assays. The results suggest that only the ApoCAT assay exhibits a close relationship with O/W emulsion model in both crude ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts. Furthermore, putative metabolite profiles of crude plant extracts are identified using LC-orbitrap MS/MS.
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