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    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Occurrences in Biomass Char and Its Mitigation Approaches: A Mini Review
    (2023-08-01)
    Mohd Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
    ;
    Asmadi, Mohd
    ;
    Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina
    ;
    Shamjuddin, Amnani
    ;
    Mohammad Zainol, Muzakkir
    Biochar is a porous fine-grained substance produced from the pyrolysis technology of biomass that can be commercially used as a soil conditioner to promote soil fertility. Biochar is characterized by high carbon content, stability, and porosity. However, organic pollutants residue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is also formed during the pyrolysis of biochar. The high concentration of PAHs adversely degrades the quality of biochar for soil amendment application. Meanwhile, highly toxic-PAHs concentration may pose a potential threat to both human health and the environment. The total PAHs yield is mainly influenced by the pyrolysis condition and feedstock resource. This review aims to discuss the conversion pyrolysis technology of biochar and factors that may influence the PAHs formation. The key research findings from this literature will lead to some strategies to minimize the PAHs compound in biochar by controlling the pyrolysis conditions through higher pyrolysis temperature, carrier gas flow, and prolonged pyrolysis time or by selecting suitable feedstock with lower lignin content.
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    Optimization of Biochar Production from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Waste
    (2022-01-01)
    Azman, Nur A.N.M.N.
    ;
    Asmadi, Mohd
    ;
    Nawawi, Muhammad A.S.
    ;
    Amin, Nor A.S.
    ;
    Zakaria, Zaki Y.
    The Malaysian palm oil industry has grown rapidly in recent years. An abundance of oil palm biomass is generated from the palm oil mil, including fronds, trunks, mesocarp fibre, shells, and empty fruit bunches (EFB). These oil palm wastes (OPW) were potentially converted into value-added products such as syngas, bio-oil, and biochar through thermochemical conversion technology. In this study, the optimization of OPW-derived biochar was conducted using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of pyrolysis temperature (400-700 °C), pyrolysis time (30-120 min), and nitrogen flow rate (0.4-1.0 L/min) on biochar yield were analysed. The results demonstrated the highest biochar yield (27.2 wt%) was obtained from pyrolysis of EFB at 550 °C for 75 min under 0.7 L/min N2 flow. Then, other OPW sample namely oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), and palm kernel shell (PKS) were pyrolyzed at the optimum operating condition. The produced biochar was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show the highest yield and thermal stability of biochar produced from pyrolysis of PKS compared to other OPW samples. The surface features of PKS-derived biochar also displayed well-developed pores and a honeycomb-like shape. Hence, PKS can be optimized to obtain high-quality biochar.
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    Effects of biochar, compost, and composted biochar soil amendments on okra plant growth
    (2022-01-01)
    Azman, Nur Aina Najwa Mohd Nor
    ;
    Khalid, Puteri Inderakusumowati Md
    ;
    Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina
    ;
    Zakaria, Zaki Yamani
    ;
    Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
    Soil fertility can be improved by incorporating organic matter such as biochar and compost. The combined addition of biochar and compost effectively restores soil degradation by enhancing nutrient availability, soil aggregation, and porosity. Nonetheless, many studies mainly concentrated on a single application of biochar and compost as a soil amendment. In this work, the biochar samples were prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) material at the desired microwave power (450 W) under 1 L/min of N2 flow for 10 min. Then, sandy soil was amended with 5 g of sole biochar and compost, as well as a biochar-compost mixture at a ratio of 1:1 for 8-weeks polybag experiment of okra plants. At 4 weeks of the plantation, the physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed. The okra plant's growths were also measured weekly for 8 weeks of the plantation. The application of biochar and composts alone, and in combination significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and plant growth compared to control soil. The synergetic positive effect of biochar and compost combination resulting lowered soil bulk density with higher soil porosity, moisture content, and nutrients availability. The study showed that a biochar-compost mixture is more effective to enhance soil quality over individual treatments and unamended soil.