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Coconut Residue-Derived Nanoporous Carbon via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Nanoporous Carbon-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes
(2025-07-01)
Ruenroengrit, Kemchat
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Kunyuan, Jumpon
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Ruttanadech, Nuttapong
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Puengjinda, Pramote
The increasing demand for sustainable and cost-effective energy storage solutions has driven interest in biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitor electrodes. This study explores the valorization of coconut residue (CR), an abundant agricultural waste, as a carbon precursor for nanoporous carbon (NPC) production. NPC was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of CR, followed by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at varying temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C). The effects of activation temperature on the structure and electrochemical performance of the NPC were systematically investigated. The activated materials exhibited amorphous, highly porous structures, with surface areas increasing alongside activation temperature—reaching a maximum of 1969 m2 g−1 at 900 °C. Electrochemical characterization was conducted using a three-electrode setup through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) in a 1 M Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> electrolyte. The sample activated at 900 °C with a CR:KOH weight ratio of 1:2.5 achieved the highest specific capacitance of 52 F g−1 at a specific current of 1 A g−1. These findings underscore the potential of CR as a low-cost and sustainable raw material for fabricating efficient electrode materials in energy storage applications.
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Potential of advanced microporous zeolites and mesoporous materials derived from natural precursors as supports for iron phosphide catalysts in bio-jet fuel production from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)
(2025-06-10)
Tanwongwan, Worapak
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Sartsamai, Ruttasart
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Kaewmeesri, Rungnapa
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Faungnawakij, Kajornsak
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Chollacoop, Nuwong
Iron phosphide (FeP) has emerged as an efficient catalyst for converting palm oil, a biomass-derived feedstock, into bio-jet fuel through the hydrocracking process. The catalytic performance of FeP is strongly influenced by the choice of support material. In this study, microporous MWW-type zeolites (MCM-22 and MCM-36) and mesoporous materials (MCM-41 and MCM-48) were successfully synthesized from entirely natural precursors, silica derived from rice husk and aluminosilicate gel extracted from kaolin clay, via a hydrothermal method, and employed as supports for FeP catalysts. Among these materials, MCM-22 zeolite exhibited the highest microporosity, followed by zeolite MCM-36, resulting in superior acidity compared to the mesoporous materials, MCM-41 and MCM-48. FeP supported on MCM-22 (FeP/MCM-22) demonstrated the best catalytic performance, liquid hydrocarbon yield (∼33%), and bio-jet selectivity (∼78%) were obtained, outperforming FeP/MCM-36, FeP/MCM-41, and FeP/MCM-48. This is due to its high surface area of micropores (∼187 m2 g−1) and the excellent acidity of this zeolite, which helped prevent FeP overloading and promote uniform metal distribution. Furthermore, it exhibited remarkable stability and reusability, with performance improving over three consecutive reaction cycles, LHCs yield increasing to 50% and bio-jet selectivity stabilizing at about 83%, attributed to enhanced acidity accessibility and progressive formation of the FeP active phase.
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Optimization and performance prediction of carbon dioxide adsorption on chitosan/activated carbon/epichlorohydrin composite materials using Box–Behnken design and artificial neural network approaches
(2025-06-01)
Loryuenyong, Vorrada
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Nakhlo, Worranuch
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Srikaenkaew, Praifha
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Yaidee, Panpassa
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Eiad-Ua, Apiluck
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) can be used as biomass to synthesize activated carbon (AC) through physical carbonization and chemical activation. Epichlorohydrin (EP) was used to create the chitosan (CS) and AC biopolymer composites via emulsion crosslinking. The main goal of this research is to boost the efficiency of CS/AC/EP composite materials for carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) capture by adsorption. The impact of CS content, AC concentration, and EP quantity on CO<inf>2</inf> removal was studied applying the Box–Behnken design (BBD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)-based artificial intelligence (AI) models. The conditions for the adsorption process were optimized to forecast the maximum CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption utilizing BBD and ANN approaches. Optimal process parameters of 15.11 g CS content, 38.95 %w/w AC concentration, and 7.16 g EP quantity resulted in a CO<inf>2</inf> adsorbed of approximately 7.62 cm3/g. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the BBD model was 0.9995, while the correlation coefficient (R) for the ANN model was 0.9992. The CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption efficiency of adsorbents is enhanced by increasing the amounts of AC and EP. This study provides a technique for predicting and improving CO<inf>2</inf> capture through the development of porous polymer composite beads (CBs) with a high CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption capacity.
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Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polystyrene waste and maize stover combined with KOH activation to develop nanoporous carbon as catalyst support for catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil
(2024-12-01)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Chanpee, Sirayu
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Jadsadajerm, Supachai
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Wongrerkdee, Sutthipoj
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Manatura, Kanit
Plastic waste is massively generated daily from households, mainly as packaging material, causing serious surrounding ecological problems. The development of plastic waste for higher value-added applications instead of landfilling and incineration has received consideration interest in bioenergy and material science research. Herein, a nanoporous carbon support of nickel phosphide catalyst for palm oil hydrotreating was developed from blended polystyrene waste and maize stover via the Co-hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) coupled with the KOH activation process. The Co-HTC parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, and PS percentage, were studied on the properties of co-hydrochar feedstocks for further activation using the Box behnken design. From the comprehensive characterization results, response surface methodology (RSM) results showed that the rising polystyrene proportion significantly exhibited the higher production yield and fixed carbon of co-hydrochar products, an essential characteristic for porous carbon manufacturing. After activation step, the final nanoporous carbon derived from the co-hydrochar (PMPC) exhibited the highest specific surface area of 1033.58 m2/g with total pore volume of 0.45 cm3/g. Moreover, the PCMC-supported nickel phosphide catalysts were successfully synthesized and tested for the catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil as alternative catalyst. The NiP-PMPC catalyst represents an impressive liquid hydrocarbon yield of 74.68 % with a high green diesel selectivity of 85.92 % at 100 % palm oil conversion. The findings of this study might help develop and utilize blended plastic waste and agricultural waste as an alternate catalytic support for various processes in biofuel and biochemical synthesis.
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Nanoporous Carbon-Supported Bimetallic (Ni, Cu, and Fe)-Mo Catalysts for Partial Hydrogenation of Biodiesel
(2024-10-15)
Jaruwat, Dolrudee
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Siriorarnroj, Siwat
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Srifa, Atthapon
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
Upgrading biodiesel or hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters (H-FAMEs) by partial hydrogenation is a second-generation biofuel with high specific fuel characteristics, such as superior cold flow properties, higher oxidative stability, and lower hazardous gas emissions, allowing this biofuel to provide excellent fuel properties, over conventional biodiesel. This study assessed the potential of using nanoporous carbon produced from cattail leaves (CL) as an alternative catalyst support. We synthesized various catalysts including monometallic Mo/NPC, Ni/NPC, Ce/NPC, and Fe/NPC catalysts, as well as bimetallic molybdenum-based catalysts doped with nickel, copper, or iron for the partial hydrogenation of soybean biodiesel. The NPC support demonstrated a surface area (S<inf>BET</inf>) of approximately 1,323 m2g-1, which greatly increases the catalytic activity through the efficient dispersion of catalyst active sites. The partial hydrogenation reaction of soybean FAME over the MoNi/NPC catalyst obtained the highest catalytic activity with enhanced oxidation stability from 3 to 14 h, and the cloud point and pour point increased from 2 to 13 °C and −1 to 10 °C, respectively. Hence, the selection of catalysts is crucial due to their impact on the feasibility of the process and its economic viability. This article focuses on highlighting the effectiveness of a highly promising catalyst for partial hydrogenation as well as examining the variables that influence the primary reaction pathway.
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Synergy of functionalized activated carbon and ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and carbaryl
(2024-10-01)
Rungsawang, Tipawan
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Paengpan, Krisanachai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Manatura, Kanit
This study proposes preparing ZnO and ZnO/activated carbon (AC) for photocatalytic applications. ZnO and AC were synthesized using precipitation and carbonization processes, respectively. Particle sizes of ZnO and ZnO/AC were estimated at 121–135 nm. The crystalline structure analysis confirmed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite structures in ZnO. Microcrystalline graphite and amorphous carbon structures were observed in AC. The combination of these characteristics was observed in ZnO/AC. ZnO/AC exhibited an increase in surface area from 25.36 to 29.86 m2/g and a decrease in pore diameter from 5.66 to 4.31 nm. The chemical states of ZnO and AC remained unchanged. Therefore, the nanocompound structure of ZnO/AC can be inferred. The ZnO/AC nanocompounds were then employed to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye and carbaryl (CBR) insecticide, demonstrating excellent photocatalytic performance compared to pure ZnO. The apparent degradation rate constant reached an average value of 3.49 × 10−3 and 16.25 × 10−3 min−1 for MB and CBR, respectively. AC functions as carrier collectors in the ZnO/AC nanocompound structures due to the suitable energy band level for facilitating electron and hole transfers. This results in recombination suppression and prolonged lifetime, thus enhancing photocatalytic activity. The finding suggests the potential use of ZnO/AC nanocompounds to degrade agricultural chemicals in contaminated natural water under sunlight.
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Torrefaction of durian peel in air and N2 atmospheres: Impact on chemical properties and optimization of energy yield using multilevel factorial design
(2024-09-01)
Pimsamarn, Jindarat
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Wisetsai, Awat
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Mualchontham, Jomthong
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Muidaeng, Nattawut
This study investigated the torrefaction of durian peel using air and nitrogen as carrier gases. A multilevel factorial design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis was employed to analyze the impact of torrefaction parameters on chemical properties and energy yield. Durian peel, an agricultural waste product, was torrefied at temperatures ranging from 200 to 320 °C for residence times between 0 and 30 min. Results showed that air torrefaction significantly enhanced thermal decomposition, reducing mass yield from 94.65 % to 30.63 % as the temperature increased from 200 °C to 300 °C with a 30-min holding time. Air torrefaction also increased the higher heating value (HHV) from 19.02 MJ/kg to 35.26 MJ/kg at 300 °C, compared to nitrogen, which achieved a maximum HHV of 32.49 MJ/kg. ANOVA analysis revealed that torrefaction temperature and carrier gas significantly affect energy yield and chemical properties. Air torrefaction positively affected HHV while reducing mass yield compared to nitrogen. Low-temperature air torrefaction showed enhanced energy yield improvement. These findings provided insights for optimizing torrefaction processes enhancing utilization wasted durian peel as a sustainable bioenergy resource.
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A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide
(2024-08-01)
Sujinnapram, Supphadate
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
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Boonruang, Chatdanai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
A novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system was synthesized via precipitation of a mixture of Y(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>3</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O:Ba(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>:Zn(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O using some Fibonacci sequences. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO was applied to the photocatalyst to investigate the degradation of carbofuran insecticide. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO prepared at the sequence ratio of 5:8:13 (YBZ5) exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. Morphological characterization showed that the particle size of the YBZ5 sample was significantly smaller than that of ZnO by over half, possibly providing high surface areas. The crystalline structure, functional group, and surface chemical composition investigations confirmed the presence of Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, BaO, and ZnO. The fluorescence study exhibited no difference. Based on band gap energy and energy band alignment analysis, the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system demonstrated a well-aligned valence band. The energy band alignment analysis revealed a good alignment of the valence band for continuous hole transport in the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system. The alignment induces charge separation which reduces recombination and provides efficient active carriers at the surfaces of the photocatalyst, allowing reactions with toxic molecules. Therefore, the synergistic function of high surface areas and appropriate energy band alignments of the novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system is considered the crucial factor in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.
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Corrigendum to “A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide” [Mater. Today Commun. 40 (2024) 109501] (Materials Today Communications (2024) 40, (S235249282401482X), (10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109501))
(2024-08-01)
Sujinnapram, Supphadate
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
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Boonruang, Chatdanai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
The authors regret that before the online release of our article, some information remained unnoticed during the proof correction. After careful consideration, we decided to make this corrigendum for our article. Typographical errors in Table 2: The correct unit of initial CBF concentration for the YBZ5 photocatalyst in Table 2 should be mg/L. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
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Enhanced CO2 Capture Potential of Chitosan-Based Composite Beads by Adding Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds and Crosslinking with Epichlorohydrin
(2024-08-01)
Loryuenyong, Vorrada
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Nakhlo, Worranuch
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Srikaenkaew, Praifha
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Yaidee, Panpassa
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Buasri, Achanai
Carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) capture has been identified as a potential technology for reducing the anthropic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly in post-combustion processes. The development of adsorbents for carbon capture and storage is expanding at a rapid rate. This article presents a novel sustainable synthesis method for the production of chitosan/activated carbon CO<inf>2</inf> adsorbents. Chitosan is a biopolymer that is naturally abundant and contains amino groups (–NH<inf>2</inf>), which are required for the selective adsorption of CO<inf>2</inf>. Spent coffee grounds have been considered as a potential feedstock for the synthesis of activated coffee grounds through carbonization and chemical activation. The chitosan/activated coffee ground composite microspheres were created using the emulsion cross-linking method with epichlorohydrin. The effects of the amount of chitosan (15, 20, and 25 g), activated coffee ground (10, 20, 30, and 40%w/w), and epichlorohydrin (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 g) were examined. The CO<inf>2</inf> capture potential of the composite beads is superior to that of the neat biopolymer beads. The CO<inf>2</inf> adsorbed of synthesized materials at a standard temperature and pressure is improved by increasing the quantity of activated coffee ground and epichlorohydrin. These findings suggest that the novel composite bead has the potential to be applied in CO<inf>2</inf> separation applications.

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