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Development of self-compacting mortar incorporating calcium carbonate and waste garnet: Workability, strength, and fire durability assessment
(2026-06-01)
Chatveera, Burachat
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Ejaz, Ali
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Chintanapakdee, Chatpan
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Saingam, Panumas
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Hussain, Qudeer
The excessive consumption of natural sand and cement in mortar production raises environmental concerns, underscoring the need for sustainable alternatives. While the separate use of cementitious and fine aggregate substitutes has been studied, their combined effects in self-compacting mortar (SCM) remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating SCM mixes incorporating calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as a partial cement substitute (0–20%) and waste garnet (0–100%) as a fine aggregate replacement. A total of 18 mixes were evaluated for their fresh properties, mechanical performance, durability, and residual properties after elevated-temperature exposure. The results showed that the mix with 10% CaCO₃ and 60% waste garnet exhibited the best overall performance, achieving approximately 66 MPa compressive strength and 8.1 MPa flexural strength at 90 days, representing up to a 15% improvement over the control. Water absorption was reduced to 2.42% at 90 days, while improved resistance under acidic conditions was observed, with only 7.71% mass loss after 180 days of exposure to 5% H₂SO₄ solution. Furthermore, the optimized mix retained over 65% of its compressive strength after exposure to 600 °C, indicating good residual mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. Microstructural analysis revealed a dense and cohesive matrix with a refined pore structure. These findings suggest that the combined use of CaCO₃ and waste garnet can provide a potentially eco-efficient approach for producing high-performance SCM. The improved workability, strength, and durability indicate potential suitability for applications such as repair mortars and precast elements, where both flowability and long-term performance are required.
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Effects of cuttlebone powders and their structured calcium compounds against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis via MAPK signaling-mediated bone formation
(2026-04-01)
Woonnoi, Wanwipha
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Chinfak, Narainrit
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Tanasawet, Supita
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Saetan, Jirawat
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Klaypradit, Wanwimol
The effects of dried and calcined cuttlebone powders (DCB and CCB, respectively) and their structured calcium compounds (DCB-OH, DCB-Lac, DCB-CiMa, CCB-OH, CCB-Lac, and CCB-CiMa) on MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were investigated in vitro . Cytotoxicity analysis using the MTT assay revealed that lower concentrations (10–100 μg/mL) of all compounds were non-toxic, whereas higher concentrations (250–1000 μg/mL) showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. Using dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis-like MC3T3-E1 cells, cuttlebone-derived compounds significantly enhanced matrix mineralization as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression and activity, indicating restoration of osteoblast function. Additionally, treatment with all cuttlebone compounds reduced dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, demonstrating cytoprotective effects. Gene expression analysis showed suppression of ER stress markers ( CHOP, GRP78, ATF4 ) by most compounds, suggesting attenuation of ER stress-related osteoblast dysfunction. Osteoblast-related genes linked to matrix remodeling and bone formation ( MMP2, MMP9, COL1A1 ) were modulated; treatments generally downregulated MMP2 and upregulated COL1A1 expression. Key osteogenic transcription factors and markers ( BMP4, OC, OSX, RUNX2 ) decreased by dexamethasone were significantly upregulated by cuttlebone compounds, supporting enhanced osteoblast differentiation. Protein phosphorylation studies revealed that these compounds decreased the expression of pERK and p-p38, pathways that are often associated with impaired osteogenesis under glucocorticoid stress. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cuttlebone powders and their structured calcium compounds mitigate dexamethasone-induced osteoporotic changes in MC3T3-E1 cells by enhancing cell viability, promoting osteoblast differentiation, and reducing apoptosis and ER stress, effects that are associated with suppression of MAPK pathway activation. This finding suggests a possible role in alleviating glucocorticoid-induced dysfunction in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and indicates potential relevance for future development as functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for bone health.
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Effect of fortified calcium compounds from oyster shell on the quality of tapioca pearls
(2025-01-15)
Meeparn, Parinda
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Aenglong, Chakkapat
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Ratanasumawong, Savitree
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Klaypradit, Wanwimol
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Kerdpiboon, Soraya
This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium fortification from dried oyster shells (DOS) and calcined oyster shells (COS) at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 %(w/w) on physical and chemical properties of tapioca pearls. The results showed that the optimal cooking time of TP-COS decreased compared to TP-DOS and TP (control). The TP-DOS and TP-COS exhibited a remaining calcium content ranging from 8.39 to 41.03 mg/g. During seven days of refrigerated storage, TP-COS showed delayed hardness along with decreases in both the enthalpy of gelatinization and retrogradation. The functional groups observed in TP-DOS and TP-COS showed varying intensities compared to TP. Morphology images depicted the distribution of DOS and COS within tapioca pearls, revealing that TP-DOS and TP-COS possessed a denser and more compact structure. The results suggest that COS fortification could improve the nutritional value and delay the change in the texture of tapioca pearls after storage.
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Effect of para-wood ash and calcium carbonate on the properties of eco-friendly self-compacting mortar reinforced with electronic waste fibers
(2024-10-15)
Makul, Natt
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Saingam, Panumas
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Sua-iam, Gritsada
This paper deals with reducing CO<inf>2</inf> emissions from cement production and finding alternative uses for electronic waste (E-waste) fibers in some innovative applications in self-compacting mortar (SCM). In the present research, an attempt has been made to establish the optimum incorporation of E-waste fiber into SCM by varying the fiber content from 5 % to 25 %, combined with para-wood ash and calcium carbonate as supplementary cementitious materials. In this laboratory study, the mix design had a constant water-to-powder ratio of 0.35 and a cement content of 550 kg/m³. Additionally, 20 % of the cement volume was replaced by 10 % para-wood ash and 10 % calcium carbonate. The results indicated a continuous increase of the mini-slump values from 255 mm for the control mix to 270 mm for the mix with the highest fiber content. Mini V-funnel flow times increased from 3.63 to 8.83 s as the fiber content increased. Lower fiber contents of 5 % improved compressive strength because they had a reinforcing role in the matrix of SCM besides the microcrack-bridging role. Higher contents of 10–25 % decreased the strength due to the clustering of fibers and resulting voids. SEM analysis at 28 days showed increased voids with higher percentages of E-waste fibers and para-wood ash alone. The results underline that optimizing fiber content is critical in balancing workability and mechanical properties, and 5 % e-waste fiber content can be considered optimal for enhancing the performance of SCM. This work also creates part of sustainable construction practice with the green solution required to reduce CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and work accumulation against E-waste.
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Green Ca-source of cockle shells converted to calcium acetate for environmental sustainability
(2024-06-15)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Ohpasee, Natee
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
This work aimed to synthesize and characterize the calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) from the exothermic reaction between CaCO<inf>3</inf> powder derived from cockle shells with three different acetic acids (8, 10, and 12 mol L−1) concentrations by the rapid and easy process without pH and temperature control to lead to cheap chemical production. The physicochemical characteristics of all synthesized Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O samples are investigated based on the chemical compositions, crystal structures, vibrational characteristics, morphologies, and thermal behavior to confirm the target compound. A suitable concentration of 10 mol L−1 CH<inf>3</inf>COOH was chosen to produce Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O with the highest yield (96.30 %), maximum calcium content (96.2 % CaO) with lower impurities, and time consumption of 17 h. The calcium acetate product obtained from cockle shells in this work shows differences in thermal stability, morphological structure purity, %yield, and metal contamination with those reported obtained from other sources and another shell type in the previous work. This research investigates the transformation of cockle shell waste into CaCO<inf>3</inf> for the production of calcium acetate, aiming to address environmental sustainability concerns by reducing the use of calcium ore resources and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Bio-green synthesis of calcium acetate from oyster shell waste at low cost and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases
(2023-12-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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Thompho, Somphob
Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, yield, and solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> and three different acetic (CH<inf>3</inf>COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 M) were investigated. The product's maximum yield (93%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) was obtained from the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> with 12 M acetic acid revealing a lower cost. The chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the X-ray fluorescence technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric analysis data of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O prepared by the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O depend on the CH<inf>3</inf>COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry.
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ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS USING BIO-CALCIUM CARBONATE DERIVED FROM A GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL (GAS) SHELL
(2023-01-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Kaewmud, Ketkanok
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Vittayakorn, Narathip
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Sumang, Rattiphorn
In this research studied the use of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from golden apple snail (GAS) shells for application as an absorbent material to remove heavy metals in water sources, which replaces commercial calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to reduce production costs and increase waste value. The adsorption of heavy metal contents (such as lead; Pb and Cadmium; Cd), phase formation, and physical characterization of golden apple snail shells were investigated for use as a calcium source in the production of naturally based biomaterials. The samples were calcined between 700°C and 950°C for 5 hr. TG and DTA analysis of samples demonstrated the decomposition of CaCO3 to CaO. The XRD results demonstrated that natural shell powder has a crystal phase of CaCO3 with an aragonite structure. Furthermore, the CaCO3 (calcite phase) was transformed into calcium oxide (CaO) as a component, which showed that the phase transformation depended on the calcination temperature. The adsorption experiments showed good performance at about 99.6%, 99.7%, and 97% removal efficiency in a shorter time for calcined GAS at 700, 800, and 900°C, respectively. This study suggests that the golden apple snail shell could be an effective biomaterial for heavy removal from contaminated water.
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Conversion of bivalve shells to monocalcium and tricalcium phosphates: An approach to recycle seafood wastes
(2021-08-02)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Chaiseeda, Kittichai
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Boonmee, Wimonmat
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest and the conversion of the abundantly available bivalve shell wastes to advanced materials is an intriguing method. By grinding, calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powder was obtained from each shell of bivalves (cockle, mussel, and oyster) as revealed by FTIR and XRD results. Each individual shell powder was reacted with H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>O to prepare Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O giving an anorthic crystal structure. The calcination of the mixture of each shell powder and its produced Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, at 900 °C for 3 h, resulted in rhombohedral crystal β-Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> powder. The FTIR and XRD data of the CaCO<inf>3</inf>, Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> prepared from each shell powder are quite similar, showing no impurities. The thermal behaviors of CaCO<inf>3</inf> and Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O produced from each shell were slightly different. However, particle sizes and morphologies of the same products obtained from different shells were slightly different—but those are significantly different for the kind of the obtained products. Overall, the products (CaCO<inf>3</inf>, Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>) were obtained from the bivalve shell wastes by a rapidly simple, environmentally benign, and low-cost approach, which shows huge potential in many industries providing both economic and ecological benefits.
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Microparticles of calcium carbonate CaCO3, calcium hydrogen phosphate hydrate CaHPO41.9H2O and tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 prepared from golden apple snail shells (Pomacea canaliculata)
(2020-03-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Boonchom, Banjong
The golden apple snail shell was mechanically milled to transform to 400 mesh sizes of calcium carbonate CaCO3. The obtained CaCO3 was reacted with phosphoric acid by a simple rapid reaction to prepare dicalcium phosphate hydrate CaHPO4.1.9H2O. Thermal transformation products of the as-synthesized CaCO3 and CaHPO4.1.9H2O samples occurred at above 750 oC indicating the temperature condition to synthesize tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 by solid state route. The as-synthesized CaCO3 and CaHPO4 powders were well mixed in the mole ratio of 1:2, then calcined at 800 oC for 2 hrs. and the obtained product was Ca3(PO4)2. The XRD and FTIR results indicate that the as-prepared CaCO3, CaHPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 samples without the presence of any phase impurities crystalize in orthorhombic of aragonite, anorthic, rhombohedral phases respectively, The SEM micrographs show nonuniform, wooden fiber-like, grainy rice-like and irregular and non-uniform shapes for the as-prepared CaCO3, CaHPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 samples respectively.
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A simple and rapid transformation of golden apple snail (pomacea canaliculata) shells to calcium carbonate, monocalcium and tricalcium phosphates
(2019-01-01)
Seesanong, S.
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Laosinwattana, C.
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Chaiseeda, K.
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Boonchom, B.
This study was designed to manage golden apple snail shells, the wastes created in large amount daily from the consumption of the meat of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) shells by transforming them to advanced compounds; calcium carbonate (CaCO3), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O], and tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. They were successfully prepared by a rapid, simple, environmentally benign method using easily available and low-cost instrument. All synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identities with the standard materials. The reproducibility and low-cost method suggest that it could be used in industry for a large-scale production of calcium carbonate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and tricalcium phosphate from golden apple snail shells as a replacement of natural mineral resources and be a good way to manage these shell wastes.

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