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Mechanical properties of self compacting concrete reinforced with hybrid fibers and industrial wastes under elevated heat treatment
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Zurita Polo, Susana Monserrat
Machine learning prediction of the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) reinforced with hybrid fibers, incorporating industrial wastes like fly ash and blast furnace slag, and cured under elevated heat provides a reliable and efficient alternative to traditional laboratory experiments. In this work, extensive literature review leading to the collection, sorting and curation of a global database representative of the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete reinforced with hybrid fiber mixed with industrial wastes for sustainable construction was conducted. The collected database constituted traditional concrete components and admixtures such as Cement (C), Fly ash (FA), Slag (BFS), Fine Aggregate (FAg), Coarse Aggregate (CAg), Water (W), Superplasticizer (PL), Fiber (Fi), and Temperature (Temp.) studied under the mechanical properties such as the Compressive Strength (Fc), Tensile Strength (Fsp), and Flexural Strength (Ff). The collected 114 records were divided into training set (90 records = 80%) and validation set (24 records = 20%) following the guidelines for data partitioning for optimal performance in machine learning predictions. Different advanced machine learning methods created using “Weka Data Mining” software version 3.8.6 were applied such as “Semi-supervised classifier (Kstar)”, “M5 classifier (M5Rules), “Elastic net classifier (ElasticNet), “Correlated Nystrom Views (XNV)”, and “Decision Table (DT)” to predict the output. The Hoffman/Gardener and SHAP techniques are used to estimate the sensitivity of the input parameter on the output. Finally, various performance metrics are used to evaluate the reliability of the models. The results show that the machine learning models show varying degrees of predictive accuracy, with the Kstar and XNV models consistently outperforming others across all mechanical properties. However, Kstar with accuracies of 96.5%, 96.0%, and 97.0% for Fc, Fsp, and Ff predictions, respectively proposed the most decisive model. Also, the Hoffman and Gardener method highlights the role of the binders, chemical additives, and curing, whereas SHAP attributes greater importance to aggregates and binder interactions.
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Evaluating the strength of industrial wastesbased concrete reinforced with steel fiber using advanced machine learning
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Zurita Polo, Susana Monserrat
The traditional evaluation of compressive strength through repeated experimental works can be resource-intensive, time-consuming, and environmentally taxing. Leveraging advanced machine learning (ML) offers a faster, cheaper, and more sustainable alternative for evaluating and optimizing concrete properties, particularly for materials incorporating industrial wastes and steel fibers. In this research work, a total of 166 records were collected and partitioned into training set (130 records = 80%) and validation set (36 records = 20%) in line with the requirements of data partitioning and sorting for optimal model performance. These data entries represented ten (10) components of the steel fiber reinforced concrete such as C, W, FAg, CAg, PL, SF, FA, Vf, FbL, and FbD, which were applied as the input variables in the model and Cs, which was the target. Advanced machine learning techniques were applied to model the compressive strength (Cs) of the steel fiber reinforced concrete such as “Semi-supervised classifier (Kstar)”, “M5 classifier (M5Rules), “Elastic net classifier (ElasticNet), “Correlated Nystrom Views (XNV)”, and “Decision Table (DT)”. All models were created using 2024 “Weka Data Mining” software version 3.8.6. Also, accuracies of developed models were evaluated by comparing sum of squared error (SSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), Error (%), Accuracy (%) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), correlation coefficient (R), willmott index (WI), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) between predicted and calculated values of the output. At the end, machine learning has been found to be a transformative approach that enhances the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of evaluating compressive strength in industrial wastes-based concrete reinforced with steel fiber. Among the models reviewed, Kstar and DT emerge as the most practical for achieving precise and sustainable results. Their adoption can significantly reduce environmental impacts and promote the sustainable use of industrial by-products in construction. The sensitivity of the input variables on the compressive strength of industrial wastes-based concrete reinforced with steel fiber produced 36% from C, 71% from W, 70% from FAg, 60% from CAg, 34% from PL, 5% from SF, 33% from FA, 67% from Vf, 5% from FbL, and 61% from 61%. Fiber Volume Fraction (Vf) (67%) high sensitivity suggests that steel fiber content greatly impacts crack resistance and tensile strength. Steel Fiber Orientation (61%) indicates the importance of fiber alignment in distributing stresses and enhancing structural integrity.
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Modeling and comparative analysis of sustainable cotton rope confinement: Full vs. STrip wrapping for enhanced concrete strength and ductility
(2025-07-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Gadagamma, Chaitanya Krishna
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Hlaing, Hnin Hnin
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Suwannatrai, Rawirot
The rise of natural FRPs as ecological alternatives to synthetic ones has highlighted the need for studies on partial confinement using cotton ropes, which offer cost-effective, low-carbon solutions with high rupture strain. Unlike full confinement, partial confinement through cotton rope strips can efficiently strengthen deteriorated concrete sections with reduced material usage. Despite possessing several advantages, the partial confinement by cotton on concrete has not been investigated. This study addresses the gap by investigating the performance of cotton rope strips and developing analytical models to predict their structural impact. This study tested cylindrical concrete specimens of two strengths, strengthened with cotton rope in either complete wrapping (Group 1) or strip wrapping (Group 2). Each group was further divided by concrete strength and included one unstrengthened specimen, and three strengthened with one, two, or three layers of cotton rope. Experimental results revealed that cotton rope wraps effectively confined the concrete, enhancing load-bearing capacity and improving ultimate compressive strength by 9.97–152.10 % and ultimate strain by 188.00 % to 1488.89 %. The compressive stress vs. strain behavior exhibited an initial stiff elastic ascent followed by a parabolic transition. The second branch of the response, either ascending or descending, was significantly improved with an increased confinement ratio. Type-I failure was characterized by an ascending second branch in the compressive stress vs. strain curve, while Type-II failure exhibited a descending second branch. Four specimens demonstrated Type-I failure (L-2F, L-3F, H-3F, and L-3S), predominantly in full configurations and with lower unconfined compressive strength. The modulus of the second branch improved with an increased confinement ratio, transitioning from Type-II to Type-I failure near a ratio of approximately 0.50. Regression analysis provided equations of various key points along the compressive response with R² values greater than 0.90, highlighting a strong dependence on the confinement ratio. The Popovics model effectively predicted the first part of the compressive response, with predicted curves closely matching experimental results.
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Influence of Recycled Fine Aggregates on the Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
(2025-06-01)
Rodsin, Kittipoom
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Ejaz, Ali
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Shrestha, Kriti
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Parichatprecha, Rattapoohm
The research specifically focuses on the effects of recycled fine aggregates as partial replacements for natural aggregates, contributing to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable construction materials. This study contributes to the understanding of how recycled materials can be effectively utilized in concrete construction, promoting sustainability while maintaining structural integrity. The testing program includes 13 beams, all designed with a target compressive strength of 15 MPa, using seven different types of fine aggregates. All tested beams experienced mixed shear failure, starting with flexural cracks beneath the loading point and progressing to flexural-shear and diagonal shear cracks as the load increased. Failure was marked by significant diagonal cracks leading to brittle collapse and reduced beam capacity. Recycled aggregate beams exhibited a slight increase in flexural cracks, with critical shear cracks widening significantly when loads exceeded 50% of ultimate strength. The use of recycled brick aggregates, recycled concrete aggregates, fly ash, and sugarcane bagasse ash led to reduced shear strength and deflection capacity. Notably, recycled fine aggregate concrete beams with 10% cement clay interlocking bricks performed better than the control beam. The load-deflection response was similar across beams, indicating no impact on elastic stiffness.
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Enhancing compressive behavior of concrete with novel low-cost hybrid passive confinement including large rupture strain cotton ropes: Experimental findings and a design-oriented model
(2024-12-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Ejaz, Ali
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Joklad, Panuwat
Recent research have highlighted the potential of hybrid confinement, combining high tensile strength fiber-reinforced polymers with large rupture strain confinement. This study presents experimental findings on 64 cylindrical and square-shaped specimens tested under axial compression, introducing a novel hybrid confinement method utilizing low-cost fiberglass chopped strand mat sheets and cotton ropes (COFS confinement). The experimental and analytical results yielded several key conclusions. Firstly, circular specimens exhibited significant peak strength increases in various subgroups, with enhancements ranging from 97.5 % to 285.5 %, and ultimate strain improvements ranging from 588.6 % to 1650.0 %. Similarly, square specimens under COFS confinement also demonstrated notable enhancements in ultimate strength and strain, with increases up to 244.7 % and 1083.0 %, respectively, particularly evident with higher levels of confinement. The influence of cross-sectional shape on compressive strength, strain, and energy dissipation was noted, with COFS confinement notably improving these factors for circular sections. Additionally, the study found that as the unconfined compressive strength increased, the enhancement in compressive strength, ultimate strain, and energy dissipation decreased. Moreover, the confinement ratio positively affected axial behavior improvement, with a proportional enhancement observed. However, the efficacy of the confinement ratio was influenced by cross-section type and plain concrete strength, emphasizing the need for considering these factors in COFS-based confinement design. Lastly, an analytical design-oriented model proposed for approximating stress vs. strain curves of COFS-confined concrete showed close agreement with experimental results, providing valuable insights for future design considerations.
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Towards sustainable construction: Harnessing potential of pumice powder for eco-friendly concrete, augmented by hybrid fiber integration to elevate concrete performance
(2024-12-01)
Farooq, Umar
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Rizwan, Muhammad
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Khaliq, Wasim
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Ejaz, Ali
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Saingam, Panumas
This study investigates the innovative use of industrial waste pozzolana, specifically pumice powder (PP), as a partial replacement for cement, combined with hybrid fibers in concrete. Seven formulations varying PP content from 10 % to 35 % were tested, identifying 15 % PP as optimal. PP improved porosity due to its fineness, leading to better homogeneity, a refined microstructure, and an optimum compressive strength of 28.8 MPa with reduced permeability, enhancing durability. Hybrid fibers, including steel fibers (SF) from waste tires and polypropylene fibers (PF), improved toughness, ductility, and resistance to brittle failure. Tests on hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HyFRC) mixes with 1 % and 2 % hybrid fibers showed up to an 18.09 % increase in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Energy dissipation in compressive response improved by 544.20 %, while flexural and splitting responses increased by up to 299.65 % and 208.57 %. Durability assessments in hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>) exposure revealed the synergy of fibers and PP enhanced resistance to chemical degradation, with high PF mixes losing as little as 0.04 % strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed a dense, well-bonded matrix with reduced porosity. Analytical characterizations of mixtures such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were studied. Regression models developed using Popovic's and Mander's models, accurately predicted HyFRC stress-strain behavior, closely aligning with experimental results. The integration of PP and hybrid fibers not only improved mechanical properties but also extended service life in harsh environments, offering a cost-effective, sustainable concrete solution.
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Large rupture strain cotton ropes hybridized with affordable fiberglass chopped strand mat sheets for enhanced compressive behavior of reinforced concrete columns
(2024-11-15)
Saingam, Panumas
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Gadagamma, Chaitanya Krishna
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Ejaz, Ali
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Hlaing, Hnin Hnin
The hybrid confinement system combines various fiber types within a single matrix, allowing for the adjustment of volumetric ratios to optimize confinement performance. Synthetic FRPs are more expensive and have a higher carbon footprint due to significant CO<inf>2</inf> emissions during production. In response, this study presents an innovative hybrid confinement approach using two natural materials: cotton ropes and FSMS (CFS) to improve concrete strength and ductility. Specimens, standardized at 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter with longitudinal steel bars and stirrups, were divided into two groups based on CFS configurations. The stress-strain response of CFS-confined concrete displayed distinctive behavior: an initial parabolic phase leading to peak compressive stress (ultimate strength), followed by a linearly degrading phase. Across all subgroups, CFS confinement significantly enhanced ultimate strength and corresponding compressive strains, with Subgroup 2A achieving the highest improvements of 246 % in ultimate strength and 1477 % in strain. Moreover, the ductility gain was reported as high as 20 for CFS-confined concrete. A non-proportional enhancement in the compressive behavior was observed with the increase in confinement ratio. Predictive models were developed for the idealized two-branch response of CFS-confined concrete, encompassing expressions based on nonlinear regression for ultimate strength, corresponding strain, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus. Two existing models were modified to trach each branch of the response. Integrating these two adjusted models closely replicated the experimental compressive curves.
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Stress-strain behavior of square concrete columns confined with hybrid B-CSM composites and development of novel prediction models
(2024-07-01)
Thansirichaisree, Phromphat
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Mohamad, Hisham
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Ejaz, Ali
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Saingam, Panumas
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Hussain, Qudeer
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the behavior of concrete confined with hybrid Basalt and Chopped Strand Mat (B-CSM) fibers. The newly proposed B-CSM confinement technique substantially enhances the brittle compressive stress-strain behavior, leading to a noteworthy increase in peak strength (approximately 90%) and ultimate strain (approximately 461 %). The efficiency of B-CSM confinement is affected by the strength of plain concrete, with lower-strength specimens indicating a more pronounced enhancement. The performance of existing analytical models for FRP confinement in predicting ultimate strength and strain in B-CSM confined concrete is assessed, highlighting the need for tailored models. Regression-based equations are proposed for characteristic points along the stress-strain curve, enabling accurate prediction of material behavior. The predicted stress-strain curves exhibit a high level of agreement with experimental results. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and application of B-CSM confinement techniques in structural engineering, facilitating improved performance and ductility of concrete structures under compressive loading conditions.
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Structural behavior of RC one-way slabs strengthened with ferrocement and FRP composites
(2024-07-01)
Joyklad, Panuwat
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Krishna Gadagamma, Chaitanya
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Maneengamlert, Bodee
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Ejaz, Ali
Existing research lacks focus on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) one-way slabs reinforced with ferrocement, and there's a notable absence of comparative studies between fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and ferrocement strengthening methods for these slabs. Given the cost-effectiveness and widespread use of ferrocement in structural reinforcement, this study aimed to address these gaps through an experimental program. Three sizes of wire mesh, categorized as Type-I (small), Type-II (medium), and Type-III (large), were employed in this study. Chemical or mechanical anchors were used to attach ferrocement jackets. Moreover, 6, 12, or 18 anchors were used to assess the effect of anchor configuration. The goal was to enhance the structural performance of slabs and compare them with slabs reinforced using FRP jackets. The study focused on preventing debonding of the strengthening layers, employing either mechanical or chemical anchors. All slabs exhibited ductile failure with flexural cracks. The peak load and ultimate deflection were enhanced by up to 49.00% and 109.07%, respectively, by the application of ferrocement jackets, whereas the dissipated energy was increased by up to 174.00 %. Notably, the use of chemical anchors demonstrated a superior ability to delay debonding and enhance ductility compared to mechanical anchors. Slabs reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) showed delayed debonding relative to carbon FRP (CFRP) reinforced slabs, indicating the superior performance of chemical anchors with GFRP layers. Moreover, the type and size of wire mesh significantly influenced performance, with small and medium-sized mesh configurations enhancing ductility, while large-sized mesh exhibited relatively earlier debonding. The orientation of the wire mesh also played a crucial role, with parallel orientation to the longitudinal axis of slabs yielding better performance.
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Microplastics in construction and built environment
(2023-10-01)
Prasittisopin, Lapyote
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Ferdous, Wahid
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Kamchoom, Viroon
Plastics have been extensively used in the building and construction industries for decades. However, the more plastics are utilised, the more microplastics are released. This review and analysis article summarises and organises the knowledge from 211 current related publications published in 2014–2022. The review and analysis explain the kinds of plastics employed in construction and built environment. Fabrics or textiles, fibres and plastics in cementitious systems, paints, tyres and roads are discussed. The entry points of microplastics into the human body are reviewed next, followed by the management of recycled wastes. The important research gaps and possible solutions include using high-strength concretes and surface-hardening agents is suggested to encapsulate the microplastics inside the matrix; DPSIR model analysis can be holistically adopted for each composite; innovative bio-chemical technology like self-healing concrete and bio-degradable plastics can be a viable choice; and social science, law and urban planning can support awareness and comprehension.

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