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A Novel Low-Power Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Design Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2026-06-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Suksaibul, Pichai
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
This study introduces an innovative mixed-mode universal biquad filter implemented using multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). Based on the advantage of OTAs, which possess multiple inputs, the proposed mixed-mode universal filter using MI-OTAs can implement both non-inverting and inverting standard filtering functions such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filters in voltage-mode, transadmittance-mode, current-mode, and transimpedance-mode, which is the maximum capability of mixed-mode universal filters. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled. Based on the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MOST) technique, the OTA can also operate at very low supply voltage and provide wide-input voltage swing. The technique of MOST, operating in the weak inversion region, is used to achieve the low-power consumption of OTA. The MI-OTA circuit and mixed-mode universal filter were designed and simulated using Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing TSMC’s 65-nm CMOS technology. At a 0.5 V supply voltage, the filter demonstrated a simulated power consumption of 450 nW at a natural frequency of 156 Hz. In these ranges of power consumption and natural frequency, it can be expected that the proposed filter can be built as an versatile integrated circuit for low-frequency applications such as bio-signal processing. The design parameters were successfully validated through both post-layout extractions and discrete hardware prototyping utilizing commercially available LM13700N ICs.
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An Ultralow-Power 0.5-V MI-OTA-Based Universal Filter for Efficient Low-Frequency Signal Processing
(2026-01-01)
Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Lerkvaranyu, Somkiat
This work introduces novel universal filters implemented using multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The MI-OTA is specifically designed for a minimal 0.5-V supply, achieving nano-watt level power dissipation, which positions the design as highly viable for demanding ultralow-power systems. The architecture employs a subthreshold, multiple-input, bulk-driven MOS configuration. This design not only extends the operational input voltage range but concurrently ensures minimal voltage and power consumption. The primary filter topology utilizes five MI-OTAs and two grounded capacitors to concurrently deliver all five standard filtering responses—low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filter—from a single, fixed circuit structure. By integrating a sixth MI-OTA, the architecture becomes reconfigurable for operation in both voltage-mode (VM) and transimpedance-mode (TIM). This versatility yields both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions for all five fundamental responses, resulting in a total of 20 distinct output functions. This multifunctionality and power efficiency make the proposed designs exceptionally well-suited for low-frequency applications, such as bio-signal processing and sophisticated sensor interfacing circuits. Furthermore, a key feature is that the filter's natural frequency is electronically tunable across all responses. The MI-OTA was designed and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing the TSMC 65-nm (1P9M) CMOS process. The device occupies a modest silicon footprint of 125 μm × 92 μm. Simulation results confirm a power dissipation of 150 nW at a 177-Hz cutoff frequency under the 0.5-V supply. Post-layout simulations verified the expected circuit performance. Finally, experimental validation was conducted using a discrete-component MI-OTA-based circuit built with the LM13700, thereby confirming the filter's correct operation.
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0.3-V 36-nW Voltage-Mode First-Order Filter Based on Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifier
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Khateb, Fabian
This paper presents an electronically tunable, voltage-mode first-order filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The filter circuit consists of two MI-OTAs and a single capacitor. It is demonstrated that a single topology can realize first-order low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filters using MI-OTA-based designs. These filter responses are achieved without the need for component matching, input matching, or inverting input signals. The pole frequency of all filter responses can be electronically tuned by adjusting the transconductance of the OTA. The MI-OTA operates at 0.3 V with a rail-to-rail input voltage range, thanks to the use of bulk-driven MOS transistors operating in the subthreshold region and the multiple-input MOS transistor technique. This results in a simple CMOS structure with low supply voltage and reduced power consumption. The circuit was designed and evaluated in Cadence Virtuoso using UMC’s 130-nm 1P8M CMOS process. The proposed filter demonstrates improved performance in terms of lower supply voltage and reduced power consumption compared to previous works. It achieves a dynamic range of 52 dB while consuming only 36 nW of power, with a bias current setting of 10 nA.
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Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Wattikornsirikul, Natchayathorn
This paper introduces shadow filters that employ multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) as the active component. Two configurations of shadow filters are proposed. The first configuration, in contrast to previous designs, enables the adjustment of the quality factor without affecting the passband gains of the BPF, LPF, and HPF, thus achieving optimal frequency responses for these filters. The second configuration allows for the variation of the natural frequency without impacting the passband gains of the HPF, LPF, and BPF, maintaining constant passband gains. Moreover, the natural frequency can be electronically controlled by modifying parameters of the original biquad filters, providing advantages in compensating for process, voltage, and temperature variations. The MI-OTA is designed to provide multiple-input differential terminals using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, allowing differential input signals to be converted into current output through its transconductance gain. The OTA operates at a supply voltage of 450 mV and consumes 81 nW of power, with the MOS transistors operating in weak inversion. The OTA and shadow filters were designed and simulated using a 0.18 µm CMOS process to validate the functionality and performance of the proposed circuits.
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A 450 mV Tunable Low-Frequency OTA-C Third-Order Elliptic Low-Pass Filter for Bio-Signal Applications
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Khateb, Fabian
This paper introduces a tunable third-order elliptic low-pass OTA-C filter specifically designed for biological signal applications. The proposed filter leverages a multiple-input operational transconductance amplifier (MI-OTA) that operates at low voltage and low power consumption. This innovative approach simplifies the filter topology and significantly reduces the number of active and passive components required. By utilizing the multiple-input capability of the OTA, the voltage gains of the low-pass transfer function can be easily increased. The filter operates with a supply voltage of 450 mV and consumes only 40.5 nW of power while achieving a cutoff frequency of 112.9 Hz and a dynamic range (DR) of 66.7 dB at 1% total harmonic distortion (THD). The filter’s performance was validated through the effective filtering of interfering ECG signals. The design and simulations were carried out using the Cadence environment and TSMC’s 0.18~\mu m CMOS technology. Monte Carlo (MC) analysis and process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) corner analysis were conducted to ensure the robustness of the design.
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1 V Tunable High-Quality Universal Filter Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-05-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Knobnob, Boonying
This paper presents a new multiple-input single-output voltage-mode universal filter employing four multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) and three grounded capacitors suitable for low-voltage low-frequency applications. The quality factor (Q) of the filter functions can be tuned by both the capacitance ratio and the transconductance ratio. The multiple inputs of the OTA are realized using the bulk-driven multiple-input MOS transistor technique. The MI-OTA-based filter can also offer many filtering functions without additional circuitry requirements, such as an inverting amplifier to generate an inverted input signal. The proposed filter can simultaneously realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, covering both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions in a single topology. The natural frequency and the quality factors of all the filtering functions can be controlled independently. The natural frequency can also be electronically controlled by tuning the transconductances of the OTAs. The proposed filter uses a 1 V supply voltage, consumes 120 μW of power for a 5 μA setting current, offers 40 dB of dynamic range and has a third intermodulation distortion of −43.6 dB. The performances of the proposed circuit were simulated using a 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to confirm the performance of the topology.
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0.5-V 281-nW Versatile Mixed-Mode Filter Using Multiple-Input/Output Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-01-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a new low-voltage versatile mixed-mode filter which uses a multiple-input/output differential difference transconductance amplifier (MIMO-DDTA). The multiple-input of the DDTA is realized using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MI-BD-MOST) technique to maintain a single differential pair, thereby achieving simple structure with minimal power consumption. In a single topology, the proposed filter can provide five standard filtering functions (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) in four modes: voltage (VM), current (CM), transadmittance (TAM), and transimpedance (TIM). This provides the full capability of a mixed-mode filter (i.e., twenty filter functions). Moreover, the VM filter offers high-input and low-output impedances and the CM filter offers high-output impedance; therefore, no buffer circuit is needed. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled by a setting current. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and for a 4 nA setting current, the power consumption of the filter was 281 nW. The filter is suitable for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications that require extremely low supply voltages and nano-watt power consumption. For the VM low-pass filter, the dynamic range was 58.23 dB @ 1% total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform using the 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology.
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Low-Voltage Mixed-Mode Analog Filter Using Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a novel mixed-mode, low-power, 1 V analog filter that uses multiple-input multiple-output operational transconductance amplifiers (MIMO-OTAs). This filter uses four OTAs, two grounded capacitors, and one grounded resistor and offers four modes, namely voltage, current, transconductance, and transimpedance modes. Each mode of operation provides non-inverting and inverting low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filter transfer functions (10 transfer functions). Thus, in four operating modes, the designed filter offers 40 transfer functions, which is the full capability of a mixed universal filter. The natural frequency of all filter functions can be electronically controlled. To obtain the multi-input OTA, the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique is used. This technique can reduce the number of MOS input differential pairs and the supply voltage. The active mixed-mode filter was simulated using a CMOS TSMC 0.18μ m process in the Cadence Virtuoso ADE Suite. The simulation results confirm the performance of the proposed filter.
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0.5-V High Linear Fully Differential Multiple-Input Bulk-Driven OTA With Effective Self-Embedded CMFB
(2024-01-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
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Prommee, Pipat
This paper presents a new fully differential multiple-input operational transconductance amplifier (FD MI-OTA) with an effective self-embedded common-mode feedback circuit (CMFB). The circuit employs several design techniques to extend the linearity to the rail-to-rail level, such as a bulk-driven, multiple-input capacitive voltage divider and source degeneration. The circuit uses self-cascode transistors to increase the gain of the OTA from one side and to create a common-mode feedback circuit, needed to control the common-mode output voltage from the other side. Thus, the CMFB is part of the OTA and as a result, its chip area and power consumption remain unchanged. The performance of the proposed circuit was simulated using TSMC s CMOS 0.18 μ m process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to validate the performance of the topology. Intensive simulation results based on Monte Carlo and process, voltage, temperature corners were performed to confirm the OTA's performance and the robustness of the CMFB. The circuit operates with a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consumes 17.5nW of power, making it suitable for applications with extremely low voltage supply and low frequency. As an application, a second-order low-pass filter was designed based on the proposed FD MI-OTA.
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0.5-V Mixed-Mode Universal Active Filter Using Multiple-Input OTAs
(2024-01-01)
Phatsornsiri, Punnavich
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Kumngern, Montree
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Nonthaputha, Thanat
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Asa, Ekachai
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Singsathien, Jateslid
This study introduces new 0.5 V, ultra-low power mixed-mode universal analog filter applying multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The filter configuration based on MI-OTAs and two grounded capacitors to actualize a mixed-mode universal filter that can produce four modes second-order filters, that is low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters, namely voltage-mode, current-mode, transimpedance mode, transconductance-mode, by appropriate selecting input signals. The filter's natural frequency can be electronically controlled. The mixed-mode filter was analyzed using CMOS 0.18μm process simulation from TSMC, operating with a 0.5 V power supply.

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