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Author: search.filters.author.Areekul, Varipat

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    Heavy metals contaminant of shrimp paste products and risk assessment in Thailand
    (2023-12-20)
    Nuanphuen, Pondpimon
    ;
    Homkham, Nontiya
    ;
    Areekul, Varipat
    ;
    Ivanovitch, Katiya
    ;
    Norkaew, Saowanee
    Shrimp paste (ka-pi) is one of the fermented fishery products that has been widely consumed in Thailand, but the risk assessment of different material sources of shrimp paste is limited. This study aims to investigate the heavy metal concentration of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in shrimp paste products in Thailand. Thirty shrimp paste product samples were collected from the local markets and were segregated based on the areas where raw materials were collected from. These areas include the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. The modified method was validated by checking the linearity between instrument signal response and pure reference standard of a single element using r<sup>2</sup> value of external standard and five concentration levels with > 0.9995. The recoveries were within 97% and 103% for all the studied metals. The Limit of Detection (LOD) ranged between 0.005 – 0.25 (mg/kg), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was between 0.016 – 0.598 (mg/kg). As and Hg contaminants were found in all 30 sample products. The health-risk estimation indicated that the hazard quotient for As was the highest, and 8 out of 30 samples from both sampling areas were found to have unacceptable levels. This study presents results that the carcinogenic risk of all 30 samples from the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand had As levels higher than the acceptable limit. The findings of this study can serve as a useful baseline for taking protective measures and to reduce heavy metal contamination of shrimp paste products in Thailand. The results also suggest measures to improve the seawater quality to protect marine animals from seawater pollution.
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    Effects of type and ratio of carrier on physicochemical properties of microcapsules containing gac fruit aril
    (2019-10-01)
    Youdee, Piyawan
    ;
    Areekul, Varipat
    Gac fruit aril contains high levels of carotenoids, lycopene, and β-carotene. Unfortunately, when exposed to environmental conditions, these bioactive compounds rapidly degrade. Therefore, microencapsulation must be applied in order to reduce the degradation. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the concentration of Gac aril on the efficiency of the process and on the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules. The Gac aril concentrations were varied over a range from 11.1 to 33.3% and over a range of carrier ratios from 1:3 to 1:7. The Gac aril microcapsules were analysed for efficiency and their physiochemical properties. The result indicated that using 20% Gac aril in 3% β-cyclodextrins had significantly produced a higher process yield, total carotenoid contents, encapsulation efficiency, lycopene, and β-carotene contents in the microcapsules than maltodextrin or gelatin (p < 0.05). The lowest Moisture content (MC) and Water Activity (A<inf>w</inf>) were found at the Gac aril concentration of 25% Gac aril, which had been encapsulated with 20% maltodextrin. The optimum concentration of the carriers was 16.7 % Gac aril with maltodextrin and 20% Gac aril for both gelatin and β-cyclodextrins.
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    Optimization of hot-water extraction of dried yacon herbal tea leaves: Enhanced antioxidant activities and total phenolic content by response surface methodology
    (2019-01-01)
    Ueda, Yuto
    ;
    Apiphuwasukcharoen, Nippitch
    ;
    Tsutsumi, Shuhei
    ;
    Matsuda, Yasushi
    ;
    Areekul, Varipat
    Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is an herbal plant and its root has been historically consumed as a sweet vegetable in the Andes. With the research goal of establishing yacon leaves, grown in Japan, as a foodstuff with health benefits, we previously reported the antioxidant effects of yacon tea leaves using concentrated extracts. In this study, we determined the optimum conditions for regular hot-water extraction of yacon tea leaves, intended for normal consumption, aiming for higher activity in several antioxidant assays and total phenolic content (TPC). Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction by central composite design. Extraction temperature (ranging from 75.0 to 96.0 ℃) and time (from 2.00 to 5.50 min) were set as the two independent variables. Based on a composite desirability value of 0.863, the hot-water extraction of yacon tea at 89.3 ℃ for 2.50 min was found to be the optimized condition providing higher antioxidant activity and TPC.
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    Cytotoxic activity and apoptotic induction of some edible Thai local plant extracts against colon and liver cancer cell lines
    (2017-12-01)
    Putthawan, Pornhathai
    ;
    Poeaim, Supattra
    ;
    Areekul, Varipat
    Purpose: To evaluate eight edible Thai local plant extracts (Camellia sinensis, Careya sphaerica, Cratoxylum formosum, Eleutherococcus trifoliatus, Ficus auriculata, Persicaria odorata, Schima wallichii, and Vaccinium sprengelii) against colon and liver cancer cell lines. Methods: The 80 % ethanol plant extracts were screened for cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by MTT assay. The 50 % cytotoxic activity concentration (CC<inf>50</inf>) was then determined. Apoptotic cell death was observed by inverted microscopy and DNA fragmentation using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: P. odorata and S. wallichii extracts showed strong cytotoxic activity, with the latter exhibiting more potent cytotoxic activity than the former. The CC<inf>50</inf> value of S. wallichii extract was 453 and 367 µg/mL against HT-29 and HepG2 cells, respectively. In contrast, P. odorata extract showed CC<inf>50</inf> value of 775 µg/mL against HT-29 and 1665 µg/mL against HepG2 cells. Microscopic observations indicate that the degree of morphological changes was concentration-dependent. The cell lines treated with both plant extracts displayed apoptosis. Conclusion: The two plant extracts have high potentials for medicinal use in colon and liver cancer management. However, further studies are needed to isolate the active compounds responsible for the cytotoxic activities.
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    Classification of Hom Mali rice with different degrees of milling based on physicochemical measurements by principal component analysis
    (2011-09-01)
    Imsil, Areerat
    ;
    Rittiron, Ronnarit
    ;
    Sirisomboon, Panmanas
    ;
    Areekul, Varipat
    The effect of the degree of milling on the physicochemical properties of Hom Mali rice compared with low, intermediate and high amylose rice groups was investigated in order to differentiate Hom Mali rice from the other groups at different degrees of milling by principal component analysis (PCA). For all the rice groups, the apparent amylose content, alkali spreading value and pasting properties such as maximum viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback viscosity increased with increases in the degree of milling except for the gel consistency which was reduced. Milled rice with a degree of milling of 15% showed the highest apparent amylose content, alkali spreading value and pasting properties compared with milled rice with degrees of milling of 10% and 5% and with brown rice. PCA could be applied to classify Thai rice varieties into four groups-Hom Mali, low, intermediate and high amylose rice groups-by two principal components (PCs). Rotated PC <inf>1</inf> and PC <inf>2</inf> using the Varimax method were better at explaining the variance of the parameters than the unrotated PCs. PCA clearly differentiated the classification of Rice Department 15 variety from the Pathum Thani 1 variety at the same degree of milling. Therefore, the stability of the degree of milling using PCA based on physicochemical measurements made it a preferable classification procedure for rice.