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Comparative physicochemical and rheological properties of tamarind seed xyloglucan from sweet and sour tamarind cultivars for food applications
(2026-06-01)
Julapuk, Punwadee
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Adair, Pornpatu
This study comparatively investigated the physicochemical, structural, and rheological properties of xyloglucan extracted from sweet (Sri Chomphu) and sour (Kradan) tamarind kernel (TKP) cultivated in Thailand to provide insights for industrial applications. The extraction yields were 58.35 ± 0.28% and 57.90 ± 0.37% (w/w) for sweet and sour TKP, respectively. Chemical composition analysis revealed comparable macronutrient profiles between the two samples. FTIR spectra confirmed similar functional groups, while SEM analysis showed amorphous and heterogeneous structures with slight differences in porosity. Molecular weight distribution indicated that sour TKP-derived xyloglucan was dominated by intermediate molecular weight fractions (4.03 × 10⁵ Da, 70.46%), whereas sweet TKP-derived xyloglucan exhibited a broader distribution. These structural differences influenced hydration properties, with sweet xyloglucan showing significantly higher water absorption and solubility (%WAI: 475.02 ± 9.91%; %WSI: 5.62 ± 0.62%) compared to sour xyloglucan (%WAI: 398.81 ± 7.01%; %WSI: 4.81 ± 0.57%). Evaluation of gelling properties revealed that both samples exhibited maximum gel strength at 2% concentration and pH 3, with sour xyloglucan forming stronger gels. Rheological analysis demonstrated non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and dominant elastic characteristics (G′ ' G″), with higher viscosity observed in the sour cultivar. Emulsifying activity and stability were high and showed no significant differences (EA: 93.58–94.87%; ES: 97.94–98.71%). Overall, while cultivar origin had minimal impact on structural and emulsifying properties, it significantly influenced hydration and gelling-related characteristics, supporting the potential of tamarind xyloglucan as a versatile hydrocolloid for food and material applications.
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Sustainable Utilization of Chicken Eggshell Waste for Adsorptive Removal of Congo Red Dye from Wastewater
(2026-01-01)
Leelahakarnjana, Kanyakorn
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Triyaprasertporn, Rawisara
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Clowutimon, Weerawat
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
This study investigates the adsorptive removal of Congo red dye from wastewater using raw chicken eggshell, CaO derived from calcined eggshell, and commercial CaO as adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine equilibrium time and analyze adsorption isotherms. Characterization of the materials using XRD, XRF, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and BET confirmed that the calcination process effectively transforms CaCO<inf>3</inf> in the raw eggshell into CaO, significantly increasing surface area and pore volume. These improvements enhance the material’s adsorption performance. The adsorption of Congo red reached equilibrium within 90 min for all adsorbents. Among the tested materials, CaO from eggshell exhibited adsorption capacity comparable to that of commercial CaO, while raw eggshell showed lower performance due to limited surface properties and basicity. Adsorption isotherm data for all adsorbents were better fitted with the Langmuir model, indicating a monolayer physical adsorption process. Overall, the results demonstrate that chicken eggshell waste, when thermally treated, is a promising and sustainable adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.
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Optimization of hydrothermal carbonization of Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae using response surface methodology for high-performance solid biofuel production
(2026-01-01)
Chanpee, Sirayu
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Jadsadajerm, Supachai
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Manatura, Kanit
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Wongrerkdee, Sutthipoj
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was adopted as a promising approach for improving fuel quality for several high-moist biomass. In this study, the Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae (RMA), an abundant marine alga in an aquaculture pond, was successfully converted into hydrochars as a sustainable solid biofuel. The Box Behnken design (BBD) was applied for the HTC experiment to investigate the individual and interactive effects of operating parameters, including HTC temperature, reaction time, and water ratio, on hydrochar physicochemical characteristics and fuel properties. The response surface optimization (RSM) revealed maximum mass yield (MY) of 79.1%, higher heating value (HHV) of 23.6 MJ/kg, and energy yield (EY) of 94.4%. The RSM-BBD of process parameters and their HTC effects showed that the decreasing MY and EY were significantly due to the HTC temperature and residence time. From ANOVA analysis, temperature, time, and water ratio were the most significant parameters responding to MY, HHV, and EY. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of RMA as a solid biofuel were determined to be a temperature of 200 °C, a duration of 2 h, and a water-to-biomass ratio of 1:1, producing the highest energy yield (EY) of 95.3%. Utilizing RSM-BBD to investigate HTC parameters for hydrochar production is a suitable effort for technical scalability.
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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Juvenile Durian Fruit by Activating KMnO4 for Methylene Blue Adsorption
(2026-01-01)
Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Chokelarb, Wasan
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Sriprom, Pongsert
Preparation of activated carbon from juvenile durian fruit by activation with KMnO4 for methylene blue adsorption was studied. The juvenile durian fruit was pyrolyzed at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C and activated with KMnO4. The results demonstrated that the carbonization at 600 °C yielded the highest iodine number of 298.30 mgiodine/gbiochar. Subsequently, the methylene blue adsorption was investigated using a Box-Behnken designed batch experiment. The experimental design included three variables at three levels: adsorbent dosage (g), initial methylene blue concentration (mg/L), and adsorption time (min). The optimum conditions for methylene blue adsorption efficiency reached approximately 99.9% at an adsorbent dosage of 0.55 g, an initial methylene blue concentration of 10 mg/L, and an adsorption time of 90 min.
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Oil palm leaf-derived nanoporous carbon via hydrothermal carbonization combined with NaOH microwave activation for tetracycline adsorption
(2025-11-01)
Chanpee, Sirayu
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Apinyakul, Naruemon
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Khemasiri, Narathon
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Generally, the increase in pharmaceutical industrial activities has led to a corresponding rise in water resource contamination. Efforts have been dedicated to addressing the urgent challenge of waste biomass disposal by developing recycling methods capable of producing bio-adsorbents. Adsorption is a promising approach for removing tetracycline contaminants, owing to its simplicity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, a low-cost activated biochar was successfully developed using oil palm leaf (OPL) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) combined microwave-assisted pyrolysis system (MAPS) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The HTC and MAPS processes enhanced high mass yield, porosity, energy efficiency, and reduced reaction time. NaOH treatment improved the porosity of the activated biochar derived from OPL, resulting primarily in a mesoporous structure. However, NaOH treatment via the MAPS process increased surface area and porosity. Among the samples tested, OPLC-NaOH-1:1 exhibited the largest surface area and highest porosity, making it the chosen candidate for further TC adsorption tests. The adsorption experiments revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately matched the experimental data, suggesting a mono-layered adsorption mechanism due to micropores and chemisorption interactions. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic and spontaneous reaction during the adsorption process. The adsorption of nanoporous carbon for TC was primarily regulated by pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects, and π-π interactions also playing a significant role. Overall, this study highlights the potential of utilizing OPL waste as a sustainable material for producing nanoporous carbon and underscores the effectiveness of nanoporous carbon for adsorbing antibiotics.
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Adsorption of methylene blue using calcium oxide from chicken eggshell
(2025-06-05)
Unkaew, Woravarun
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Poka, Pinchaphat
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Clowutimon, Weerawat
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
The adsorption of methylene blue on calcium oxide synthesized from chicken eggshells was investigated as a method for wastewater purification. Calcium oxide adsorbent was prepared by calcining ground eggshells in a furnace at 900°C for 3 hours, resulting in a material with approximately 97% purity. Adsorption experiments were conducted in batch mode, using a 0.25g: 50 ml ratio of adsorbent to solution and maintaining a temperature of 35°C. The contact time and initial methylene blue concentration were varied between 0-480 minutes and 10-200 mg/L, respectively. Equilibrium was reached within 240 minutes, the adsorption isotherm can be modelled by Langmuir model with a maximum specific amount adsorbed of 27.03 mg/g.
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Development of intelligent packaging from xyloglucan-chitosan modified film with betalains from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peels
(2025-06-01)
Permana, Lasuardi
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
This study aimed to develop intelligent packaging films by, incorporating extracted betalain (EB) from dragon fruit peel into a tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan and chitosan blend (XC). The film were comprehensively characterized for their chemical, physical, mechanical, antimicrobial, and functional properties. Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the interaction between xyloglucan, chitosan, and betalain were governed by ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding, which stabilized the colloidal network and influenced film microstructure. Increasing betalain concentration enhance film thickness and color intensity with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealing uniform surface morphology. Mechanical testing demonstrated that film with a 1:5 (w/v) EB:EC ratio achieved optimal performance balancing tensile strength (22.35 ± 2.25 MPa) and an elongation at break (185.07 ± 4.42 %). The films exhibited suitable barrier properties, with water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water vapor peameability (WVP) aligning with food packaging requirements. Antimicrobial assay revealed good activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while ammonia sensitivity test demonstrated the ability of film to detect spoilage via visible colorimetric shifts, correlating with total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) levels in shrimp. This study highlight the potential of XC-EB films as sustainable, intelligent packaging solutions for monitoring the protein-rich food freshness, leveraging agricultural byproduct to enhance food safety and reduce waste.
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Optimization of betalain extraction from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel and effect of pH on its properties
(2025-02-01)
Permana, Lasuardi
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
Dragon fruit peels are wastes produced in the food industry and contain abundant phytochemicals. In this study, betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels was optimized using water as a safe and environment-friendly solvent. The Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of different pH (2.0–6.0), temperatures (30–60 °C), times (10–60 min), and solid-to-liquid ratios (1:15–1:40 by weight) on betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels. The betalain extracted under the optimized conditions was then studied for its properties across a wide pH range of 2.0 to 13.0. The results showed that the solid-to-liquid ratio had the most significant effect on betacyanin extraction as the major component of betalain in dragon fruit peels. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a pH of 3.6, temperature of 30 °C, extraction time of 10 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15. The expected betacyanin content under these conditions is 72.37 mg/L. A significant change in the CIELAB parameter of the extracted betalain was observed, with marked differences in the L*, a*, and b* values as the pH increased. This color change may be attributed to the degradation of betacyanin into betalamic acid. This study demonstrated the potential of a safe and eco-friendly process for extracting the natural pigment betacyanin from this agricultural waste material and the potential use of betalain in pH-dependent products.
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Synthesis of Epoxidized Waste Cooking Oil as Plasticizer in the Production of Xyloglucan-Chitosan Films
(2025-01-01)
Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Kikaew, Kuntida
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Wanliphakha, Warintorn
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Orachorn, Wimolpan
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Chokelarb, Wasan
The synthesis of epoxidized waste cooking oil (EWCO) from used oil and the potential of using EWCO as a plasticizer to replace glycerol in xyloglucan-chitosan film were studied. The epoxidation reaction generated an epoxy group, which was induced to break off and form OH groups, potentially used as EWCO plasticizers (EWCOP). The determination of EWCOP by analyzing the chemical structure using FT-IR, where peaks were observed at 3496 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 827 cm<sup>-1</sup>, indicating the opening of the epoxy group. According to the physical properties test, EWCOP has a total acid number of 9.91 mg KOH/g, a flash point below 50 °C, and a viscosity of 0.79 cST at 40 °C. A xyloglucan-chitosan film was prepared using a concentration ratio of xyloglucan to chitosan of 4:1, mixed with a solution of glycerol and EWCOP as the plasticizer at ratios of 7:0, 5:2, 3:4, and 0:7, representing 35% of the total weight of solids. The tensile strength of the xyloglucan-chitosan film increases with a decrease in the glycerol : EWCOP ratio, offering hope for the potential of EWCOP in future applications. Conversely, an increase in the glycerol: EWCOP ratio reduces the elongation of the xyloglucan-chitosan film. The water vapor transfer rate and T<inf>g</inf> in the xyloglucan-chitosan film are lowest when the glycerol: EWCOP ratio is 3:4 and 0:7, respectively. The results showed that using EWCOP as plasticizers to replace glycerol significantly enhanced many aspects of synthesized xyloglucan-chitosan film properties, demonstrating the potential of this research to make a substantial impact in the field.
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Study on chemical structure stability and properties of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels
(2024-12-05)
Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Permana, Lasuardi
This study investigated the stability of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels prepared at different ratios after storage for three years. The physical hydrogel samples were studied using ratios of xyloglucan to chitosan between 1.5:1 and 4:1, comparing fresh hydrogel with hydrogel stored for three years. The hydrogels were analyzed for Fourier transform infrared characteristics, rheological behavior, flow rate, and zeta potential. After three years of storage, a reversible reaction was confirmed by C-H molecular stretching using Fourier transform infrared. All hydrogel samples exhibited pseudoplastic fluid characteristics with liquid-like behavior. The zeta potential of fresh hydrogel at 1.5:1 and 4:1 ratios was 27.700 ± 0.964 mV and 22.633 ± 0.929 mV, respectively, whereas after three years, it became 28.067 ± 1.106 mV and 18.867 ± 0.503 mV, respectively. The amount of xyloglucan significantly affected the zeta potential of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel, leading to a decrease in the stability of the hydrogel at a 4:1 ratio. The stability of the hydrogel at a ratio of 1.5:1 was confirmed by pH and zeta potential measurements. In conclusion, the properties and behavior of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel remained stable after three years of storage at a 1.5:1 ratio.

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