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Predicting the strengths of basalt fiber reinforced concrete mixed with fly ash using AML and Hoffman and Gardener techniques
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Llamuca Llamuca, José Luis
Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) mixed with fly ash, combined with advanced machine learning techniques, offers a practical, cost-effective, and less time-consuming alternative to traditional experimental methods. Conventional approaches to evaluating mechanical properties, such as compressive and splitting tensile strengths, typically require sophisticated equipment, meticulous sample preparation, and extended testing periods. These methods demand substantial financial resources, specialized labor, and considerable time for data collection and analysis. The integration of machine learning provides a transformative solution by enabling accurate prediction of concrete properties with minimal experimental data. The methods of data collection from literature and analysis were used and 121 records were collected from experimentally tested basalt fiber reinforced concrete samples measuring the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete. Eleven (11) critical factors have been considered as constituents of the studied concrete to predict the Fc-Compressive strength (MPa) and Fsp-Splitting tensile strength (MPa), which are the output parameters. The collected records were divided into training set (96 records = 80%) and validation set (25 records = 20%) following the requirements for data partitioning for sustainable machine learning application. Seven (7) selected machine learning techniques are applied in the prediction. Further, performance evaluation indices were used to compare the models’ abilities and lastly, the Hoffman and Gardener’s technique was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the parameters on the concrete strengths. At the end of the exercise, results were collated. In predicting the compressive strength (Fc), AdaBoost similarly excels, matching XGBoosting’s validation performance with R2 of 0.98 and the same MAE values. This shows the effectiveness of boosting techniques for predictive modeling in concrete strength estimation. For splitting tensile strength (Fsp), AdaBoost also outperforms most models, achieving an R2 of 0.96 for training and validation phases. Its exceptionally low validation MAE of 0.124 MPa underscores its excellent generalization capabilities. Overall, XGBoosting and AdaBoost consistently demonstrate superior performance for both compressive and splitting tensile strength predictions, followed closely by KNN. These models benefit from advanced ensemble techniques that efficiently handle non-linear patterns and noise. SVR also performs admirably, whereas GEP and GMDHNN exhibit weaker predictive capabilities due to limitations in handling complex data dynamics. For the sensitivity analysis, the Hoffman and Gardener’s method of sensitivity analysis proves instrumental in identifying key drivers of strength in fiber-reinforced concrete, guiding informed decision-making for material optimization and sustainable construction practices.
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Impact of lightweight clay aggregate with slag and biomedical waste ash on self-compacting concrete using machine learning approach
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Viñan Villagran, Janneth Alejandra
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes were developed using lightweight expandable clay aggregate (LECA) as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for cement, and combusted bio-medical waste ash (BMWA) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The substitution levels for LECA, GGBS, and BMWA were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% of coarse aggregate, cement, and fine aggregate, respectively. M30-grade SCC mixes were designed with two different water-to-binder ratios—0.40 and 0.45—and their compressive strength (CS) was experimentally evaluated. The data entries from the above mix designs and experiments were collected in this research which deals with evaluating the impact of lightweight expandable clay aggregate, metallurgical slag, and combusted bio-medical waste ash on self-compacting concrete. An extensive literature search was used in this project and this produced a global representative database collected from literature. The collected 384 records were divided into training set (300 records = 80%) and validation set (84 records = 20%) in line with the requirements of a more reliable data partitioning. Six advanced machine learning methods such as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Random Forest (RF), and Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) were used to model the concrete behavior. All models were created using “Orange Data Mining” software version 3.36. A combination of error metrics, efficiency metrics and determination/correlation metrics were used to test the models performance and accuracy. Also, the Hoffman and Gardener’s method was used to evaluate the sensitivity analysis of the model variables. At the end of the model work, AdaBoost and KNN excel in predictive accuracy with 97.5%, reducing the margin of error and ensuring precise mix designs for SCC. SVR, XGB, and RF also exhibit strong accuracy (96.5–97%), supporting reliable material selection and proportions. AdaBoost and KNN demonstrate the lowest errors (MAE: 0.65 MPa, RMSE: 0.75 MPa), indicating precise performance, minimizing overdesign or underperformance risks, and optimizing material usage. The Hoffman/Gardener’s sensitivity analysis produced produced GGBS of 31% and Dens of 26% as the highest impact and this is followed by LECA of 21% and BMWA of 20%. This research enables the optimization of self-compacting concrete mix designs using machine learning, reducing experimental trials, enhancing material efficiency, lowering environmental impact, and promoting sustainable construction through the effective reuse of industrial by-products.
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Evaluating the strength of industrial wastesbased concrete reinforced with steel fiber using advanced machine learning
(2025-12-01)
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Ebid, Ahmed M.
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Hanandeh, Shadi
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Zurita Polo, Susana Monserrat
The traditional evaluation of compressive strength through repeated experimental works can be resource-intensive, time-consuming, and environmentally taxing. Leveraging advanced machine learning (ML) offers a faster, cheaper, and more sustainable alternative for evaluating and optimizing concrete properties, particularly for materials incorporating industrial wastes and steel fibers. In this research work, a total of 166 records were collected and partitioned into training set (130 records = 80%) and validation set (36 records = 20%) in line with the requirements of data partitioning and sorting for optimal model performance. These data entries represented ten (10) components of the steel fiber reinforced concrete such as C, W, FAg, CAg, PL, SF, FA, Vf, FbL, and FbD, which were applied as the input variables in the model and Cs, which was the target. Advanced machine learning techniques were applied to model the compressive strength (Cs) of the steel fiber reinforced concrete such as “Semi-supervised classifier (Kstar)”, “M5 classifier (M5Rules), “Elastic net classifier (ElasticNet), “Correlated Nystrom Views (XNV)”, and “Decision Table (DT)”. All models were created using 2024 “Weka Data Mining” software version 3.8.6. Also, accuracies of developed models were evaluated by comparing sum of squared error (SSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), Error (%), Accuracy (%) and coefficient of determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R), willmott index (WI), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) between predicted and calculated values of the output. At the end, machine learning has been found to be a transformative approach that enhances the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of evaluating compressive strength in industrial wastes-based concrete reinforced with steel fiber. Among the models reviewed, Kstar and DT emerge as the most practical for achieving precise and sustainable results. Their adoption can significantly reduce environmental impacts and promote the sustainable use of industrial by-products in construction. The sensitivity of the input variables on the compressive strength of industrial wastes-based concrete reinforced with steel fiber produced 36% from C, 71% from W, 70% from FAg, 60% from CAg, 34% from PL, 5% from SF, 33% from FA, 67% from Vf, 5% from FbL, and 61% from 61%. Fiber Volume Fraction (Vf) (67%) high sensitivity suggests that steel fiber content greatly impacts crack resistance and tensile strength. Steel Fiber Orientation (61%) indicates the importance of fiber alignment in distributing stresses and enhancing structural integrity.

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