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    Green Ca-source of cockle shells converted to calcium acetate for environmental sustainability
    (2024-06-15)
    Seesanong, Somkiat
    ;
    Seangarun, Chaowared
    ;
    Boonchom, Banjong
    ;
    Ohpasee, Natee
    ;
    Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
    This work aimed to synthesize and characterize the calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) from the exothermic reaction between CaCO<inf>3</inf> powder derived from cockle shells with three different acetic acids (8, 10, and 12 mol L<sup>−1</sup>) concentrations by the rapid and easy process without pH and temperature control to lead to cheap chemical production. The physicochemical characteristics of all synthesized Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O samples are investigated based on the chemical compositions, crystal structures, vibrational characteristics, morphologies, and thermal behavior to confirm the target compound. A suitable concentration of 10 mol L<sup>−1</sup> CH<inf>3</inf>COOH was chosen to produce Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O with the highest yield (96.30 %), maximum calcium content (96.2 % CaO) with lower impurities, and time consumption of 17 h. The calcium acetate product obtained from cockle shells in this work shows differences in thermal stability, morphological structure purity, %yield, and metal contamination with those reported obtained from other sources and another shell type in the previous work. This research investigates the transformation of cockle shell waste into CaCO<inf>3</inf> for the production of calcium acetate, aiming to address environmental sustainability concerns by reducing the use of calcium ore resources and greenhouse gas emissions.
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    Bio-green synthesis of calcium acetate from oyster shell waste at low cost and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases
    (2023-12-01)
    Seesanong, Somkiat
    ;
    Seangarun, Chaowared
    ;
    Boonchom, Banjong
    ;
    Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
    ;
    Thompho, Somphob
    Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, yield, and solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> and three different acetic (CH<inf>3</inf>COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 M) were investigated. The product's maximum yield (93%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) was obtained from the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> with 12 M acetic acid revealing a lower cost. The chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the X-ray fluorescence technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric analysis data of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O prepared by the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O depend on the CH<inf>3</inf>COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry.
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    Conversion of bivalve shells to monocalcium and tricalcium phosphates: An approach to recycle seafood wastes
    (2021-08-02)
    Seesanong, Somkiat
    ;
    Boonchom, Banjong
    ;
    Chaiseeda, Kittichai
    ;
    Boonmee, Wimonmat
    ;
    Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
    The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest and the conversion of the abundantly available bivalve shell wastes to advanced materials is an intriguing method. By grinding, calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powder was obtained from each shell of bivalves (cockle, mussel, and oyster) as revealed by FTIR and XRD results. Each individual shell powder was reacted with H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>O to prepare Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O giving an anorthic crystal structure. The calcination of the mixture of each shell powder and its produced Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, at 900 °C for 3 h, resulted in rhombohedral crystal β-Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> powder. The FTIR and XRD data of the CaCO<inf>3</inf>, Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> prepared from each shell powder are quite similar, showing no impurities. The thermal behaviors of CaCO<inf>3</inf> and Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O produced from each shell were slightly different. However, particle sizes and morphologies of the same products obtained from different shells were slightly different—but those are significantly different for the kind of the obtained products. Overall, the products (CaCO<inf>3</inf>, Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and Ca<inf>3</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>) were obtained from the bivalve shell wastes by a rapidly simple, environmentally benign, and low-cost approach, which shows huge potential in many industries providing both economic and ecological benefits.