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Enhancing lateritic soil performance with cement and calcined limestone dust for road base application
(2026-12-01)
Thwe, Khin Sam
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Lateritic soils are widely used in road construction in tropical regions, but their natural engineering properties often require stabilization to meet strength and performance requirements. In Thailand, lateritic soils are commonly stabilized with cement-based binders, which are applied as soil–cement subbase and soil–cement base layers in accordance with the Department of Highways (DOH) specifications. This study evaluates the stabilization of lateritic soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with calcined limestone dust (CLD) as a partial cement replacement. CLD is produced by the calcination of limestone dust, which is a quarry by-product, at elevated temperatures. In the proposed stabilization approach, 20% of OPC was replaced with CLD to assess its effect on the stabilized soil’s physical and mechanical properties. Laboratory tests included Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The results indicate that the combined use of OPC and CLD reduces soil plasticity and slightly modifies compaction behavior due to changes in particle packing and moisture demand. Stabilization significantly improves UCS, and mixtures containing 20% CLD achieve compressive strengths comparable to fully cement-stabilized samples after 28 days of curing. Strength enhancement is primarily attributed to cement hydration, which forms calcium silicate hydrate, while CLD contributes through filler and nucleation effects, resulting in a denser microstructure suitable for road base applications.
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Feasibility assessment of porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as partial cement replacement under seawater immersion
(2026-06-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Nguyen, Trong Nghia
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
This study developed porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as an innovative approach to valorizing waste for use as a partial cement replacement. The study focused on two aspects: first, identifying suitable composition ratios and chemical agents for producing porous granules, and second, evaluating the feasibility of using granules in a cement-granule paste or as a partial cement replacement to achieve sufficient strength under seawater immersion. The findings showed that the optimal granule composition consisted of 70 wt% lateritic soil, 30 wt% sawdust, and 0.50 wt% sodium silicate, producing granules with a maximum porosity of 34% and a pore structure characterized by isolated (closed) internal pores, as indicated by qualitative observations of 3D tomographic images. When incorporated into cement paste at 20 wt% replacement with a size range of 1–2.36 mm, compressive strengths of 31–36 MPa were achieved after 7 days, meeting the standard requirements. The relationship between pore volume, granule size, and compressive strength was non-linear. Under seawater curing, samples with a 20 wt% replacement maintained strength comparable to plastic-wrapped samples, indicating stable mechanical performance during seawater immersion. These results present the feasibility of using lateritic soil-sawdust porous granules as a partial cement replacement under seawater immersion, using a simplified laboratory assessment rather than direct simulation of real marine environments. However, transport-related durability properties, such as permeability, water absorption, and ion ingress (e.g., chloride, sulfate, and magnesium ions), were not evaluated. Therefore, durability-related interpretations remain preliminary and require further validation.
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Effect of carbonic anhydrase enzymes on strength of soil cement
(2026-06-01)
Kingnoi, Namthip
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Omar, Rohayu Che
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
This research proposes the originality of using carbonic anhydrase (CA) biocatalyst enzyme with soil cement material for strength development. The soft Bangkok clay with cement up to 30 wt% of dried soil was prepared with the addition of CA at an amount of 100 µl and a concentration of 100 µM. The suitable preparation and curing method of soil cement containing CA was also investigated using different mixing methods (dry mixing and wet mixing) and curing conditions (air curing and plastic wrap curing) for up to 28 days. The improvement of soil cement strength was achieved by increasing cement content and curing time. The compressive strength of soil cement is highly improved with the addition of CA, particularly in the air-curing condition. The formation of CaCO<inf>3</inf> was observed with a tightened microstructure. In addition, the wet mixing method is favorable for improving strength with biocatalyst enzymes due to the dispersion of hydrated cement particles. Mixing small amounts of CA in soil cement not only enhances strength but also contributes to environmental sustainability, making it a viable option for sustainable future construction applications and adaptable ground improvement techniques.
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Sustainable paving blocks by the combination of plastic waste and sand
(2026-06-01)
Srisuwan, Anuwat
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Laorodphan, Nattapol
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Drinking water from plastic bottles offers convenience and perceived safety compared to tap water, resulting in widespread consumption and substantial plastic waste accumulation. An average individual consumes around 2.0 L of bottled water daily, significantly contributing to environmental plastic pollution. Addressing this issue, this research highlights and investigates an innovative solution by evaluating the potential of recycling plastic waste into paving blocks. Specifically, the study is based on the assumption that plastic materials commonly found in bottled water packaging, which are Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) from bottles, Polypropylene (PP) from labels, and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) from bottle caps, can act as an effective binder to combine with sand without the use of cement to produce the paving blocks. The investigation assesses critical physical and mechanical properties of the developed paving blocks, including apparent density, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength, across varying proportions of plastic waste ranging from 30% to 70% by weight. The key results indicate that PET, PP, and HDPE waste can be effectively used to produce paving blocks with compressive strengths ranging from 14.57 to 22.03 MPa, with water absorption below 15%. The study identifies an optimal plastic content between 50% and 60% by weight, yielding paving blocks with satisfactory strength and durability. This research underscores a sustainable and practical approach to mitigating plastic waste, contributing valuable insights toward circular economic initiatives and environmental sustainability.
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Partial soil replacement in soil cement using bentonite and polyurethane foam
(2026-06-01)
Rattanapitak, Pornkanok
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Shelina, Aza
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Kingnoi, Namthip
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
This study evaluates the effects of partially replacing soft clay with Ca-bentonite or polyurethane foam in soil-cement mixtures to improve geotechnical performance in soft soils. Cement content was fixed at 20% by total mix weight (% wt), while soft clay was partially replaced with Ca-bentonite or polyurethane foam at 20% wt, 30% wt, and 40% wt. Density, weight, and compressive strength were evaluated at curing ages of 7 and 28 days. The optimal mixture, determined based on compressive strength, was subsequently selected for the permeability test and compared with natural soft clay and a conventional soil-cement mixture. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was conducted to characterize particle morphology and pore structure, providing microstructural insight into the strength behaviour of mixtures incorporating both Ca-bentonite and polyurethane foam replacements. The results indicate a clear contrast between the two replacement materials. Ca-bentonite increases density and compressive strength through pozzolanic and filling effects. The optimal sample, consisting of 50% soft clay, 20% cement, and 30% Ca-bentonite (S5C2B3) by weight, achieves a 28-day compressive strength of 9.71 MPa with stiff and brittle behaviours. Weight increase is associated with Ca-bentonite swelling, which enhances impermeability. In contrast, polyurethane foam reduces density and strength, producing a lightweight, ductile material due to its porous structure and water loss. Ca-bentonite is suitable for high-strength or low-permeability applications, whereas polyurethane foam is appropriate for lightweight fill where reduced weight is required.
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Optimizing sustainable cement replacement using ceramic tile waste: Enhanced strength and microstructural performance
(2026-03-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Sukkatorn, Paratee
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
The increasing demand for cement in the construction industry has intensified the depletion of natural resources and accelerated environmental impacts associated with cement production, including high CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Simultaneously, the ceramic tile manufacturing process generates substantial amounts of waste, particularly sludge waste and rectified tile waste, which are typically discarded despite their high silica and alumina contents. This study examines the potential of utilizing ceramic tile waste as a partial replacement for cement in mortar formulations, promoting sustainable material use. XRF and XRD analyses revealed substantial SiO<inf>2</inf> concentrations in both waste types, indicating suitability for pozzolanic reactions. Mortar samples containing varied amounts of tile waste were examined for physical properties, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics. The replacement of 50 % of cement with rectified tile waste significantly enhanced long-term strength, surpassing that of the 100 % cement control at 28 days, due to improved pozzolanic activity and a denser microstructure. Conversely, the replacement of sludge waste led to reduced strength due to higher porosity and weaker hydration. Further investigation of rectified tile waste at replacement levels of 30-70 % confirmed that 50 % substitution provides the optimum balance between strength performance and material sustainability. Microstructural analysis with SEM confirmed these findings, revealing well-formed C-S-H and reduced pore spaces at the optimal replacement ratio. Overall, rectified tile waste demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable cement replacement material, offering reductions in cement consumption, CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, and ceramic waste disposal while maintaining or improving mechanical performance.
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Role of Empirical Mode Decomposition in Fault Diagnosis of Industrial Components
(2026-02-01)
Chauhan, Sumika
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Vashishtha, Govind
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Singh, Riya
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Shakya, Paramjeet
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Background: Rotating machinery is critical in industrial applications but prone to malfunctions due to harsh operating conditions. Signal processing techniques, especially Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), are effective for fault detection and diagnosis. EMD has been widely researched and applied. Purpose: This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest developments in EMD applications for rotating machinery fault diagnosis. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers in this area and helps to identify potential future research directions. Methods: The review begins with a brief introduction to EMD, highlighting its benefits, and addressing common issues with the proposed solutions. It then summarizes recent EMD applications in fault diagnosis for critical components, such as bearings, gears, and rotors. Conclusion: The paper concludes by discussing unresolved challenges and suggesting avenues for future research. This review is designed to serve as both an introduction to EMD for newcomers and a state-of-the-art summary for experienced researchers in the field of fault diagnosis.
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Mapping the Underground: Geotechnical Physical Properties Insights from Bengkulu City
(2026-01-01)
Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Kamal, Thomas Mustafa
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Putri, Melly Zuhadjar
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Misliniyati, Rena
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
This study presents a three-dimensional engineering geology model of soil-layer physical parameters in Bengkulu City, Indonesia. The model provides an integrated understanding of the subsurface profile to support construction design and planning. Three-dimensional modelling is applied to identify subsurface geological layers and visualize key soil physical properties using colour-scaled parameter distributions. The analysed parameters include shear wave velocity, plasticity index, saturated unit weight, bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, water content, and degree of saturation. Data interpolation is performed using the Inverse Distance Weighting method, which is suitable for estimating parameter continuity within layers in 3D geological modelling. The resulting model identifies five generalised subsurface layers: sand, clay, soft rock, medium rock, and hard rock. Interpolated parameter variations are illustrated through geological profiles and Probability Density Function plots, enabling more straightforward interpretation of value distributions across the study area. Overall, the findings offer practical insights and essential baseline information for engineers and planners conducting soil investigations in Bengkulu City.
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Using Multi-Channel Surface Analysis of Surface Waves and Resistivity Survey to Evaluate Road Damage
(2026-01-01)
Suksawat, Taweephong
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The study provides an analysis of road damage, which was Pathum Thani rural road no. 3012 (PT. 3012), in the Pathum Thani province, Thailand. A road was constructed along the irrigation canal with the construction of a retaining wall, while the roadway was supported with a foundation consisting of soil-cement columns. Longitudinal cracks and settlements appeared between the roadway and the road shoulder within five years after the completion of road construction. To evaluate and confirm the aforementioned problem, the soil investigation was utilized. Conventional geotechnical investigations often involve the utilization of in situ tests as the primary method, resulting in the collection of soil samples at specific locations, which do not cover a large area in the construction site. Therefore, this study aims to propose the combination of multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and resistivity survey techniques, which were employed to identify and evaluate the underlying cause of the observed damage by effectively identifying the subsurface layer throughout a large area under undisturbed conditions. The soil investigation results confirmed that the differential settlement occurred because the roadway was supported by soil-cement columns, while the road shoulder was not supported by soil-cement columns. Consequently, it was easy to recognize and confirm the problem with the imaging of the subsurface layers from the findings of those MASW and resistivity survey approaches.
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Optimizing Silica Fume Admixture for Enhanced Strength of Soil–Cement Columns
(2025-10-01)
Huan, Vo Nguyen Phu
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Nguyen, Trong Nghia
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) method is effective for rapid soil stabilization. In contrast, it presents challenges when applied to expansive and problematic soils, as well as in environments with high salinity. This study investigates the incorporation of silica fume as an admixture to enhance the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil–cement columns using the DSM construction method. Soil–cement specimens were prepared with silica fume-to-cement ratios of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% and cured under varied conditions, including untreated natural soil, tap water, and saline solutions with 2.5% and 5% NaCl concentrations. UCS tests conducted on 7, 14, 28, and 60 days revealed that a 1% silica fume dosage optimally enhances strength across all curing environments, with soil-based curing achieving the highest performance. The improvement is attributed to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), which enhances the UCS of the specimens. However, higher silica fume contents led to reduced efficiency due to particle agglomeration and reduced hydration reaction. By addressing the challenges of traditional DSM applications, this study demonstrates the potential of silica fume to improve the performance and durability of soil–cement columns, offering a sustainable and practical approach for geotechnical engineering in diverse and challenging environments.

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