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Upcycling waste mycelium into chitosan-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators with enhanced energy output
(2026-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Vitayakorn, Narathip
Sustainable nanogenerators require bio-based active layers that combine interfacial polarization, mechanical deformability, and stable charge generation. Herein, waste mushroom mycelium (WMM) was upcycled as a multifunctional biofiller in chitosan (CTS)-based films for piezoelectric/triboelectric energy-harvesting devices. By controlling WMM loading and glycerol plasticization, this study reveals a morphology–dielectric–compliance coupling mechanism governing device performance. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and X-ray tomographic analyses show that WMM modifies hydrogen bonding, chain packing, surface texture, and internal filler connectivity, while excessive loading causes aggregation and structural non-uniformity. The optimized 7 wt% WMM/CTS film produced a PENG-mode output of 1.87 V and 1.72 μA and a TENG output of 15.39 V and 2.54 μA. The output of the TENG was further improved to 20.35 V and 2.80 μA at a maximum power of about 44 μW with glycerol plasticization. Capacitor charging, cyclic operation, LED array illumination and seven-segment display were also shown with the optimized device. Notably, the highest low-frequency apparent permittivity was observed at 11 wt% WMM/CTS, but its output decreased because of aggregation, dielectric loss, and mechanical non-uniformity. These results demonstrate that optimum energy harvesting is governed not by dielectric permittivity alone but by balanced polar interfaces, surface asperity, moderate dielectric loss, and contact compliance. This work establishes waste mycelium as a functional biofiller for sustainable biopolymer active layers in low-power self-powered systems.
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DESIGNING WEAVING PATTERN AND ENGINEERING MULTILAYER STRUCTURE OF NYLON-ACRYLIC FABRIC UTILIZING IN TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR
(2025-01-01)
Navatragulpisit, Suchanat
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Krailadsirirattna, Praophansupa
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Khwanming, Rawiwan
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Pongampai, Satana
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Plaipichit, Suwan
In the contemporary era, the textile triboelectric nanogenerator (T-TENG) has sparked interest to be a powerful energy supply for small electronic devices and electronic component in next generation of electronic textiles. Most T-TENG is developed by adding other materials to fabric or cloths that probably limit the comfortable use. Fabrication of conformable fabrics with high triboelectric outputs remains challenging. This research is firmly focused on the development of fully-fabric T-TENG by employing woven nylon-acrylic fabrics as the main contact material and designing a weaving pattern together with engineering a multi-layered structure to amplify its electrical efficiency. Based on the experimental results, different weaving patterns provided different electrical output values owing to its different contact surface areas. The matt weave pattern can yield the best electrical output regarding the extreme deformations. A further significant enhancement in T-TENG’s performance is consistent with inserting polymer intermediate layer. Adding ball-fiber and kapok serves as a synergetic charge-trapping interlayer, rendering a high triboelectricity of both open circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit current (ISC) for 3 to 8 times higher than that of nylon-acrylic single layer. Finally, the multilayer fabric T-TENG is integrated with the long-sleeved garments and provide output enough to fully-charge the 0.22 μF and 0.33 μF capacitors together with brightening 30 LEDs. Finally, this work demonstrates a potential way with simple procedures in achieving fully-fabric T-TENG for small-scale energy sources that can harvest biomechanical energy to power electronic component for approaching the real application in E-textile systems.
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Cellulose-based fabrics triboelectric nanogenerator: Effect of fabric microstructure on its electrical output
(2023-01-01)
Khwanming, Rawiwan
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Pongampai, Satana
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
At present, fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been paid attention and developed for self-power generation systems with wearability for E-textiles, especially cotton. However, there are many commercial cellulose-based fabrics with different fiber characteristics and fabric structures that gain possibility to effect on TENG performance and has been underreported. This work presents the fabrication of the textile TENG by using four types of commercial cellulose-based fabrics as friction layer and compare the electrical output efficiency relating their molecular structure, fabric structure and surface morphology characteristics. As shown by the electrical output, though all fabrics can generate electricity for TENG device, nevertheless, the output signal is different because of their different total surface area of the fabric, affecting by different microstructure. The rayon fabric contains the smallest size fiber with highest surface area at the same woven structure. The obtained output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ~23 V and ~13 μA are ~1.8 times higher than most studied cotton fabric. This research demonstrated the importance of the microstructure and surface area of the fabrics that significantly affect TENG properties. The investigation in this work will useful and knowledgeable to select fabric materials before improving and using them for energy harvesting devices.
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Simple enhanced charge density of chitosan film by the embedded ion method for the flexible triboelectric nanogenerator
(2022-12-01)
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Supansomboon, Supitcha
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
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Pongampai, Satana
This research proposed a simple ionic embedded method to improve electrical output performance by adding surface charges of cationic chitosan (CS) biopolymer for compatible utilization of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). By simply embedding cationic salts, the TENG performance was enhanced by over four times more than that with pristine CS. Moreover, by modifying roughness on the film surface, the optimized condition of R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> reached the highest V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> of ~149 V and ~15 μA, respectively, thus exceeding the output from pristine R-CS TENG by four- and three times of ⁓38 V and ⁓5.1 μA. The maximum power output of 400 μW/cm2 can be observed at the 10 MΩ external load resistance. Finally, by integrating an automatic self-charge pumping (ASCP) module, the ASCP/CS-TENG provided highly efficient V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> output power by over 1.3 times more than the R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> TENG and could light up 72 light emitting diodes (LEDs) easily.
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Low-cost fabrication of the highly efficient triboelectric nanogenerator by designing a 3D multi-layer origami structure combined with self-charged pumping module
(2021-12-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The explosive development of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance, with a simple structure and low cost, has become an excellent candidate for a primary self-powered source of portable modern-electronic devices. There are several approaches to booting TENG performance. However, some of them still encounter major challenges when fabricating a lightweight, flexible and scalable design. Herein, three main strategies; 1) structural design with 3D multi-layer Origami structure, 2) physical surface roughness modification, and 3) connection of a self-charge pumping module (SCPM) were selected and considered in terms of cheapness, light weight and scalability, with a simple manufacturing process. By optimizing these three strategies, the 3D multi-layer Origami TENG (O-TENG) can achieve an output performance of V<inf>OC</inf> ~110 V and I<inf>SC</inf> ~26 μA, which is 18 and 52 times higher than that for the non-optimized polyimide (PI) TENG, respectively. The output voltage demonstrates consistency and fast chargeability of ∼38 V saturation voltage within ∼8 s for a 0.22μF capacitor. The maximum of ~697 μW output power (P) could be provided at 10 MΩ. The number of origami layers (n) plays an important role in output performance, while integrating an SCPM module that accelerates chargeability of the device. Moreover, the cylindrical pocket energy harvesting device was designed to harvest biomechanical energy in daily life. One hundred and seventy light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be lit and the electric calculator driven easily. The proposed strategies have the potential for high-throughput fabrication of the low-cost TENG, and can be used simply as an alternative self-powered source for portable/wearable modern electronic devices.
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Achieving a highly efficient chitosan-based triboelectric nanogenerator via adding organic proteins: Influence of morphology and molecular structure
(2021-11-01)
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The utilization of biodegradable materials for the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has provoked intensive interest since the growth of electronic devices tended to operate in proximity of the human body. This work proposed highly efficient biopolymer, based on a chitosan (CS) TENG, by incorporating protein-based compounds as fillers. The effect of different types of protein; albumin, egg-shell membrane (ESM) and silk fiber (SF), with the loaded content on the output performance of TENG was explored. It was found that the output signal can be maintained and even enhanced by embedding interlaced-fiber and making a gauze-like structure inside the CS matrix. Morphologies not only have different types of amino acid side chains, but also affect triboelectric output performance. High content of glycine, alanine and serine consequently increases the output signal by providing additional charges from molecular polarizations. Mixing glycine amino acid in the presence of alanine and serine reduces the centrosymmetric structure of the host amino acid and creates polar domains. Adding SF in CS, therefore, achieves the best output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and current (I<inf>SC</inf>) as compared to other additives. The CS/SF TENG, with 10 wt% SF added, can reach ~ 77 V and ~ 13 µA of V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf>, respectively. Its maximum output power of ~ 202 μW, with power density of 22.4 μW/cm2, is 6 times higher than that from pristine CS TENG, which can easily light up 59 light emitting diodes (LEDs) connected in series. Finally, the biodegradability was confirmed at various weeks related to the output measurement of V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf>. After 9 weeks of the soil burial test, the CS/SF still generated ~ 20 V V<inf>OC</inf> and ~ 2.5 µA I<inf>SC</inf> with 30% weight loss.
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Triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator based on BaTiO3-Nanorods/Chitosan enhanced output performance with self-charge-pumping system
(2021-03-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pinpru, Nattapong
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Pulphol, Phieraya
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
Recent advances in achieving flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) focus widely on utilizing and modifying abundant natural biopolymer. Boosting power generation and conversion efficiency continue to prevail. In this work, three main strategies were proposed to enhance the output performance of chitosan-based TENGs; 1) hybridization with lead-free piezoelectric nanorod, 2) introduction of a soft electrode using bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube composite to enhance contact efficiency, and 3) enhancement of charge density of the triboelectric friction layer using a self-charge pumping (SCP) module. Under the same testing conditions of 48 ± 5% relative humidity, ~0.55 Hz of frequency, ~250 N of compressive force at 25.0 ± 0.5 °C, and the combination of 7 wt% lead-free piezoelectric BaTiO<inf>3</inf> nanorods (BT-NRs) in the chitosan matrix, the highest open-circuit voltage (V<inf>oc</inf>) of ~111.4 V, short circuit (I<inf>sc</inf>) of ~21.6 μA/cm2, and also output power density of 756 μW/cm2 was achieved. By using an integrated SCP module, the TENGs can provide a V<inf>oc</inf>, I<inf>sc</inf> and peak power output of 247.2 V, 36.7 μA/cm2 and 1568 μW/cm2, respectively. This electrical power output rises to over 4-fold more power enhancement than that of pristine chitosan TENGs. The TENGs demonstrate remarkable mechanical stability and reliability upon cyclical contact for up to 3000 times. This work provides a promising strategy for achieving high-output, eco-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators. By boosting the output performance via continuous charge pumping, ultrahigh effective charge density was achieved successfully in flexible chitosan/BT-NR biocomposites that can push output performance towards real applications of TENGs.

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