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Enhanced forecasting of friction and cohesion of augmented unsaturated soil with nanostructured quarry fines (NQF) addition
(2026-12-01)
Kamchoom, Viroon
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Van, Duc Bui
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Hosseini, Shahab
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Alimoradijazi, Mohammadreza
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Amini-Khoshalan, Hasel
Shear strength parameters such as friction angle and cohesion are fundamental to solving geotechnical engineering problems related to slope stability, foundation design, and earthwork construction. This study presents the prediction of friction angle (Fi) and cohesion (Nc) of an unsaturated lateritic soil using three intelligent learning techniques: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Radial Basis Function (RBF), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), with Linear Multivariate Regression (LMR) adopted as a baseline model to evaluate agreement between input and output variables. The motivation for employing machine learning approaches stems from the limitations of complex laboratory testing and the need for reliable predictive tools that can support design and field applications. The investigated soil, classified as A-7-6 and poorly graded, exhibited coefficients of uniformity and curvature of 2.05 and 0.84, respectively. It was characterized by high plasticity and significant clay content, with a clay fraction of 23.02%, clay activity of 2, friction angle of 15°, maximum dry density of 1.84 g/cm3 at an optimum moisture content of 16.2%, and was tested under cyclic direct shear conditions. Multiple datasets were generated from varying treatment conditions and soil descriptors, forming the basis for model development. Eleven input parameters were used to predict Fi and Nc, and model performance was evaluated using Variance Accounted For (VAF), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The results indicate that RBF and MLP outperformed SVM and LMR in both training and testing phases for predicting cohesion and friction angle, demonstrating superior generalization capability. Sensitivity analysis using the Cosine Domain Method revealed that unsaturated unit weight had the greatest influence on friction angle prediction, while clay content was the most influential parameter for cohesion. Among all models, MLP achieved the highest accuracy and overall predictive performance. Based on this optimal model, a Graphical User Interface was developed to enable users to input soil parameters and obtain rapid predictions, providing a practical tool for researchers and practitioners in geotechnical engineering.
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Photothermal solar assisted Madhuca diethyl ether fuel processing for LHR engines with AI-based performance and yield prediction
(2026-12-01)
Dubey, Rakesh
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Prajapati, Ajeet Kumar
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Bharadwaj, Shruti
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
This study investigates the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends derived from Madhuca longifolia oil with diethyl ether (DEE) as an oxygenated additive in a diesel engine. Prior to fuel preparation, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to verify the chemical composition of the extracted oil, confirming the presence of triglyceride structures and long-chain fatty acids characteristic of Madhuca longifolia oil. A solar-assisted preheating mechanism was incorporated during oil extraction to reduce energy consumption and improve yield consistency. The system was further integrated with a 250 Wp solar photovoltaic (PV) panel (efficiency ~ 17%, Voc = 37 V, Isc = 8.5 A, MPPT = 30 V/8 A) to power auxiliary loads such as the fuel metering unit, sensors, and control panel. This renewable integration enabled 100% solar contribution for auxiliary components, saving approximately 1.04 kWh/day of grid electricity and achieving an estimated reduction of about 151 kg of CO<inf>2</inf> emissions annually. Four fuel types were evaluated: Diesel, MB100 (pure biodiesel), MB20D80 (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel), and MB5DEE5D90 (5% biodiesel, 5% DEE, 90% diesel). Among these, MB5DEE5D90 demonstrated comparatively improved performance, showing an 8% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 10% reduction in Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) compared with diesel. Emission analysis indicated reductions of approximately 20% in CO and 18% in HC emissions, while life-cycle assessment suggested around 40% lower combustion-phase CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Heat release rate analysis indicated earlier and more efficient combustion behavior. Additionally, LSTM-based predictive modeling showed lower error margins compared with RNN, demonstrating improved prediction accuracy for engine performance parameters.
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Real-time interpretable and cluster-stratified lightGBM framework for high-precision concrete strength prediction and instantaneous mixture optimization
(2026-08-29)
Elsheikh, Ahmed
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Hematibahar, Mohammad
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Jueyendah, Sebghatullah
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Aljarah, Abdelmalek H.
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Martins, Carlos Humberto
This study presents a real-time, interpretable framework based on the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) algorithm for the accurate prediction and optimization of 28-day concrete compressive strength (Fc), validated using a dataset of 500 concrete mixtures. The proposed model was benchmarked against seven widely used regression algorithms, including linear regression (LR), ridge regression (RR), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector regression (SVR), decision tree (DT), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), to ensure a comprehensive comparative evaluation. The LightGBM model demonstrated superior predictive performance relative to the benchmark models, achieving an RMSE of 6.11 MPa and an R² of 0.951 during the initial evaluation. Model robustness and generalization capability were further verified using a 10 × 10 repeated k-fold cross-validation procedure, yielding stable results (R² = 0.940 ± 0.017; RMSE = 6.37 ± 0.49 MPa). To capture heterogeneity in mixture compositions, K-means clustering was applied to partition the dataset into four distinct mixture regimes, within which stratified LightGBM models further improved predictive accuracy, reducing RMSE to 3.7–5.1 MPa and achieving R² values exceeding 0.97. Model interpretability was enhanced through global and regime-specific SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analyses, which provided transparent and physically consistent insights into feature contributions, consistently identifying cement as the dominant positive factor and water as the primary negative driver of CS. Furthermore, an interactive web-based prediction engine was developed to enable instantaneous strength prediction, real-time sensitivity analysis, 95% prediction interval estimation, and specification-driven mixture optimization with millisecond-level computational efficiency. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, including Taylor diagrams, residual control charts, calibration plots, and prediction-interval validation, confirmed the statistical reliability and practical applicability of the proposed framework. Overall, the developed LightGBM-based system provides an accurate, interpretable, and scalable decision-support tool for data-driven concrete mix design and performance optimization.
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Biogeosynthetic recycling of iron-ore tailings for green stabilization of expansive soils
(2026-07-01)
Mehmood, Mudassir
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Nie, Wen
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Liu, Yunlong
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Onyelowe, Kennedy
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Jalal, Fazal E.
Expansive soils pose a significant challenge to civil infrastructure due to their high potential for expansion and contraction. These soils exhibit poor mechanical properties, leading to severe structural damage and high maintenance costs. To address these challenges, conventional stabilization like cement or lime, are widely used; however, their production substantially increases global carbon dioxide emissions and energy requirements. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable alternatives that enhance soil performance while minimizing environmental impact by utilizing industrial by-products. In response to this need, this study proposes a sustainable composite reinforcement scheme that combines enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), sisal fiber (SFs) reinforcement, and iron ore tailings (IOts) to treat expansive soil by deploying laboratory testing and response surface modeling (RSM). Utilizing the experimental and validated optimal mix (0.75 mol/L EICP + 0.53 % SFs + 11.7 % IOts) reduced swelling pressure ∼98 % while increasing the unconfined compressive strength ∼262 %, cohesion ∼78 %, the angle of internal friction ∼172 %, Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR<inf>unsoak)</inf> from 2.4 % to ∼26 % and CBR<inf>soak</inf> 1.7 % to ∼20 % after 28 days curing. In addition, SEM and EDS analyses confirmed synergistic microstructural interactions, resulting in a highly reinforced soil composite. Moreover, the RSM model showed good agreement with the experimental results, with errors controlled within ±5 %, validating the robustness of the model. By reusing mining waste and utilizing renewable fibers, this approach demonstrates a low-carbon, cost-effective, and scalable stabilization strategy that enhances infrastructure resilience and promotes circular economy objectives.
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Unsaturated Soil Water Retention Characteristics, Electrical Conductivity and Compressibility of a Poorly Graded Fujian Soil Amended with Biochar
(2026-07-01)
Liu, Allen
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Garg, Ankit
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Yanning, Wang
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Zhussupbekov, Askar
This study investigates the effect of peach shell biochar on the unsaturated soil water retention characteristics, electrical conductivity (EC), and its correlation with the compressibility of poorly graded Fujian soil, thereby addressing a critical gap in biochar research for geotechnical applications. The study aims to explore an economical approach to accessing geotechnical properties using EC. Biochar (produced at 600 °C) was mixed with sand at 0%, 5%, and 10% ratios and tested using a modified oedometer for simultaneous EC and compressibility measurements. Results reveal that 10% biochar increased EC by 354 mS/m under 200 kPa stress, a fourfold enhancement over 5% biochar (88 mS/m), attributed to conductive pathways formed by biochar particles under compression. Soil settlement decreased by 17% (0.282ΔH) and 21% (0.268ΔH) at 5% and 10% biochar, respectively, compared to bare sand (0.340ΔH). The air-entry value surged from 0.40 kPa (bare sand) to 0.71 kPa (5% biochar) and 1.41 kPa (10% biochar), enhancing moisture retention by 78% and 253%. The EC-void ratio relationship diverged markedly: bare sand showed a declining EC with reduced void ratio (0.112 Δe), while biochar-amended soils exhibited a rising EC (Δe = 0.056 for 5% and 0.036 for 10%) due to particle conduction dominating over pore-water losses. These findings offer feasible geotechnical applications: the stress-responsive EC enables real-time stability monitoring in embankments or landfill covers via non-invasive resistivity tomography, while reduced compressibility positions biochar-amended sand as a sustainable alternative for foundations in flood-prone or arid regions. Enhanced air-entry values further mitigate drought-induced cracking and erosion. The dual role of biochar, improving conductivity and mechanical stability, supports its integration into green infrastructure strategies.
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Enhancing clay properties with eggshell powder: A sustainable alternative for soil stabilization
(2026-07-01)
Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
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Taib, Aizat Mohd
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Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra
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Yuliana, Yuliana
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Kamchoom, Viroon
Poultry waste is increasing rapidly in many countries as urbanization and industrialization rise and create environmental and economic issues. Eggshell waste deteriorates infrastructures but could effectively stabilize clay soil. This study investigates the performance of eggshell powder (ESP) as a stabilizing agent for clay soil, emphasizing its effects on the mechanical properties of clay and its suitability for construction. The methodology involved preparing soil and ESP samples, followed by standard Proctor compaction tests, direct shear tests, and microstructural analysis. Various percentages of eggshell powder (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) were added to the clay soil. The results revealed that the addition of ESP improved the plasticity, compaction behavior, and shear strength of soil. The results showed that the plasticity index decreased from 30.45% (untreated soil) to 21.78% at 6% ESP, and the liquid limit reduced from 65.28% to 57.80%, enhancing soil workability and reducing swelling. Additionally, soil cohesion increased substantially from 82.7 kN/m² (untreated soil) to 144.5 kN/m² at 9% ESP, while the internal friction angle improved from 18° to 25°, contributing to its overall strength and stability. The microstructural analysis confirmed these findings, showing a denser soil matrix and stronger inter-particle bonds. This study concludes that ESP is a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers, offering environmental benefits by utilizing waste material and reducing the need for cement and lime. The use of ESP in soil stabilization contributes to sustainable construction practices and presents a viable solution for improving the performance of clay soils in construction.
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Numerical Insights into Tunnelling Effects on Cantilever and Soil-Nailed Retaining Walls in Sand: A Comparative Study Under Varying Tunnel Depths
(2026-07-01)
Soomro, Mukhtiar Ali
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Soomro, Rizwan Ali
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Darban, Sharafat Ali
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Detho, Amir
The interaction between tunnelling and retaining walls represents a complex soil–structure interaction problem that can significantly influence wall deformation and stability. This study investigates and compares the behaviour of cantilever and soil-nailed retaining walls subjected to tunnel excavation beneath the wall in dry Toyoura sand. A series of three-dimensional finite element analyses was performed using an advanced hypoplastic constitutive model to simulate nonlinear sand behaviour and stress-path dependency. Tunnel depth was varied using cover-to-diameter (C/D) ratios of 1.83, 3.33, 4.83, and 6.33. The computed results show that both retaining systems exhibit similar settlement patterns due to tunnelling, with maximum settlement reaching approximately 22.8 mm in the case of C/D = 4.83. However, soil nailing has limited influence on reducing tunnelling-induced settlement. In contrast, the soil-nailed wall develops larger rotation and overturning response due to tensile forces mobilized in the soil nails by tunnelling-induced ground movement. For the shallowest tunnel case (C/D = 1.83), maximum tensile forces reach approximately 72 kN and 60 kN in the top and middle nails, respectively. Tunnelling also causes significant redistribution of contact pressure and shear stress beneath the wall base, including partial loss of contact for shallow tunnels. In addition, lateral earth pressure increases substantially, resulting in total lateral forces up to 3.3 times the pre-tunnelling values. The results demonstrate that tunnel depth governs the wall response, while soil nailing primarily affects rotational behaviour and internal force development rather than settlement mitigation.
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Adsorptive performance of mesoporous silica-modified Bangkok clay as an alternative GCL
(2026-06-05)
Sathawong, Sidthipong
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Asadullah
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Somsiripan, Thotsaporn
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Tohdee, Kanogwan
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Jongsomjit, Bunjerd
This study investigates the adsorption performance and characterisation of mesoporous silica-modified Bangkok clay (BKC) as a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) for removal of heavy metal in aqueous solution. BKC was modified with mesoporous SBA-15 to create a mesoporous silica-coated clay (5SBS), enhancing its surface area, porosity, and adsorption efficiency. The materials were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques while adsorption experiments of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) ions under controlled conditions in ternary systems. The 5SBS composite exhibited superior physicochemical characteristics, including a BET surface area of 67.45 m<sup>2</sup>/g and well-distributed mesopores. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Equilibrium isotherm data fit best with the Langmuir and Sips models, suggesting monolayer adsorption on homogenous surfaces. The maximum uptake capacities for 5SBS were 31.74, 17.96, and 14.26 mg/g for Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), respectively, outperforming unmodified BKC and closely matching bentonite. Enhanced thermal stability and minimal pore structure degradation post-adsorption confirmed its suitability for harsh environmental conditions. Metal adsorption has mainly occurred at the surface of the mesoporous silica-modified clay by bonding with surface functional groups. Hydraulic conductivity results further indicate that SBA-15 modification effectively reduces permeability and chemical sensitivity of BKC, maintaining performance comparable to bentonite through stable pore-blocking mechanisms. These findings highlight 5SBS as sustainable alternative to bentonite in GCL, with potential implications for contaminant protection.
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertical Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands with Aquatic Plants on Water Quality of Raw and Phyto-Remediated Poultry-Aquaculture Wastewater: A Principal Component Analysis
(2026-06-01)
Akadiri, Shadrach A.
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Dada, Pius O.O.
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Badejo, Adekunle A.
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Adeosun, Olayemi J.
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Faloye, Oluwaseun T.
This study investigated the efficiency of macrophyte-based phytoremediation systems using Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia for the treatment of poultry–aquaculture wastewater and its suitability for irrigation reuse. Physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and water quality indices were analysed using correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Strong positive correlations were observed among turbidity, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD<inf>5</inf>), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while dissolved oxygen (DO) showed significant negative relationships, indicating organic pollution-driven oxygen depletion. Heavy metals exhibited strong intercorrelations, suggesting common anthropogenic sources and similar removal pathways. PCA results revealed that the first three principal components (PCs) explained over 95% of the total variance, with positive values recorded from the first PC highlighting organic load, nutrient enrichment, and metal interactions as dominant factors controlling wastewater quality. The negative values of factor loadings obtained in the second and third PCs confirmed the roles of sedimentation, adsorption, microbial activity, and plant uptake in pollutant removal. Water Quality Index (WQI) values decreased drastically from highly polluted levels (>3000) in raw wastewater to <1.0 after 21 days of treatment, indicating excellent water quality. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) also declined significantly, confirming a low sodicity risk. Both macrophytes demonstrated high treatment efficiency, with Typha latifolia showing slightly improved sodium reduction. Overall, the study highlights macrophyte-based systems as sustainable, cost-effective solutions for wastewater treatment and safe agricultural reuse.
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Increased erosion in biochar-amended soil: importance of integrating erosion control blankets and vegetation
(2026-03-01)
Hossain, Monir
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Jotisankasa, Apiniti
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Aramrak, Surachet
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Nishimura, Satoshi
Although biochar is widely recognized for enhancing various soil properties, its impact on soil erosion resistance remains unclear and sometimes shows contradictory results. The main objective of this study is to quantify the effects of corn-cob biochar amendment, both with and without erosion control blankets (ECB), as well as the influence of biochar/compost incubation time on erosion resistance of a silty sand. The study also investigates the effects of biochar on Atterberg limits, shear strength, and thermal conductivity. As biochar content increases from 0 % to 20 %, the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and shrinkage limit (SL) rise by 8 %–10 %, suggesting that biochar-amended soil (BAS) retains more water without losing strength. The addition of biochar has minimal impact on the shear strength of BAS at lower normal stresses (<45 kPa) but reduces its thermal conductivity by about 70 %. Submerged jet erosion tests show that biochar alone increases soil erosion in BAS. However, when combined with ECB and vegetation, erosion is significantly reduced (up to 39 %). Overall, this study underscores the importance of utilizing biochar in combination with ECB and such vegetation as ruzi grass to mitigate soil erosion in the silty sand.

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