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VISUALIZATION OF SOOT NANOSTRUCTURE FROM ETHANOL BLENDED BIODIESEL USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGE ANALYSES
(2022-09-14)
Thin, Myat Hsu
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Karin, P.
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Srilomsak, M.
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Po-Ngen, W.
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Saisirirat, P.
Characteristics of particulate matter from ethanol-blended biodiesel on the diesel engine in terms of nanostructure were investigated through electron microscopy. Commercial B20 fuel (20% palm and 80% diesel) was used as the baseline fuel and ethanol was blended at 5% and 10% with B20 fuel. The agglomerated particle size was reduced by increasing the weight ratio of ethanol. The average diameter sizes of the single primary nanoparticles of B20, B20E5, and B20E10 are about 20-40 nm while inter-planar spacing is about 0.404 nm, 0.383 nm, and 0.352 nm, respectively. The total fringe lengths of B20, B20E5, and B20E10 are approximately 521 nm, 470 nm, and 262 nm measured from the areas of 20 nm x 20 nm of primary nanoparticles.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR BALL METALLIC WEAR MECHANISMS USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
(2022-09-14)
Phyo, Mi Zwe Mon
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Karin, P.
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Khamsrisuk, P.
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Srilomsak, M.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
Nowadays, lubricants play an important role in several automotive industries around the world because they reduce friction and wear on engines moving parts such as piston ring, cylinder liner and valve control systems of compression ignition engines. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of bio-oil (palm oil) on metallic wear. The tribological test was conducted using a four-ball tribometer as indicated by engineering testing standard ASTM (D4172) under the conditions of 392 N applied load, 75°C and the period of 60 minutes. These four ball surfaces were observed by using 3D Optical Microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. According to the four-ball wear test, the comparison of average wear scars diameter between two different types of bio-oil and SAE 0W30 engine oil were investigated. Furthermore, wear scar depth from 3D microscope and SEM images of different magnification were compared in the viewpoint of wear mechanism analysis.
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Experimental investigation of the impact ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blended fuels on combustion, emission, and performance of compression ignition diesel engine
(2022-01-01)
Wai, P.
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Karin, P.
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Phairote, W.
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Chollacoop, N.
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Kosaka, H.
This research was directed to reduce the global diesel engine emissions and dependency on finite fossil fuel reserves. The ethanol was blended by weight ratio with commercial “B20” fuel (20% palm oil's biodiesel and 80% diesel) as B20E5 (95% B20 with 5% ethanol), B20E10 (90% B20 with 10% ethanol) and B20E20 (80% B20 with 20% ethanol). The results of the engine's performance, combustion, emission, and agglomerate particles size using blended fuels were compared with the results of based commercial B20 fuel. All fuel samples were tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine at a constant load of 140Nm with engine speeds of 1000RPM, 1500RPM and 2000RPM. When the engine speed increased, the brake-specific fuel consumption decreased, and the brake thermal efficiency increased. The B20E20 shows the highest brake-specific fuel consumption because of the low energy content of the fuel blend and the highest thermal efficiency because of a better combustion process. The ethanol-blended fuels show higher peaks of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate than the base B20 fuel, with B20E20 as the highest. Ethanol blended fuels have significant advantages in particulate matters reduction, especially in idle engine speed. The blended fuels decreased soot and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and increased NO<inf>x</inf> emission. The agglomerate particles size distribution was analysed with 100 samples for each fuel by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Image J tools. The average agglomerate particle size of B20, B20E5, B20E10 and B20E20 are 0.253 µm, 0.245 µm, 0.225 µm and 0.187 µm, respectively. As conclusion, adding ethanol to diesel fuel provide strong advantages on soot reduction and higher engine efficiency due to the enrich of fuel oxygen.
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EFFECT OF BIODIESEL ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE’S COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR AND PARTICLE EMISSION
(2020-11-11)
Tripatara, A.
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Karin, P.
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Phairote, W.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Masomtob, M.
Diesel Engines are widely known for a high compression ratio, which is proportional to the engine’s efficiency. The effect from direct injection of a diesel engine generates particulate matter (PM). PMs are mainly composed of Soot and Metallic Ash, which are harmful to human health. This research describes thermal efficiency, engine performance and combustion behavior at various load (20%, 50%, and 80%) and fuel (B7, B20, and B100) by using combustion pressure analyzer. The experimental results demonstrated that B100 has the highest ISFC and lowest ISEC for all test series owing to the highest indicated thermal efficiencies. Operating load and fuel are strongly proportional to heat release rate and ignition delay. The heat release rate of low load condition is retarded compare with medium and high load. Conventional diesel and biodiesel PMs were investigated by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average size of ultrafine particles that obtained from the experiment are range of 50-500 nm and primary nanoparticle size of B7 and B100 are in range of 25-50 nm.
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Investigation on Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanism of Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Composite at Different Curing Temperature
(2020-07-27)
Lin, Ye Htet
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Cuaiman, T.
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Karin, P.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Larpsuriyakul, P.
Weight reduction is one of the big challenges in the auto industry. In the aerospace industry, the high modulus of composite material makes weight savings to replace alloys such as aluminium and titanium. It is one way to reduce fuel consumption and reducing emissions in vehicles by using composite. Among them, carbon fiber and glass fiber are the most useful materials in composite to reduce the weight in vehicles not only in the automotive field but also in aircraft, marine, medicine, sport, etc. In this study, hand lay-up (wet lay-up) method is used to fabricate carbon fiber and glass fiber composites with different curing temperature 30°C (the equivalent of room temperature) until it is dry and 80°C for curing 6 hours. The strength of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites were increased over 10% and the hardness of carbon fiber composite was also increased two times at 80°C curing temperature. Furthermore, the fracture mechanism of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites were also observed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image processing method.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE MATTERS EMITTED FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
(2020-01-01)
Mon Oo, H.
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Karin, P.
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Masomtob, M.
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Saisirirat, P.
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Chollacoop, N.
Particulate Matters (PMs) emitted from biomass combustion including open burning of biomass agricultural residues, and forest fires must be reduced to protect both human health and the environment. The physical characteristics of morphology, elemental composition and nanostructure of particulate matters generated from biomass combustion were successfully investigated by using electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to analyze the oxidation kinetics of particulate matters. Before biomass burning, it was found that about 65% of carbon fraction in biomass raw material while 95% of carbon fraction in soot and 84% in ash particles after burning. The average diameter size of single primary particles is approximately 36 nm. Nanostructure of the single primary particle of biomass soot is mainly composed of curve line carbon crystallites while metallic ash nanoparticle is composed of straight-line hatch patterns. The inter-planar spacing of fringes of biomass soot and ash crystallites is 0.36 nm and 0.28 nm, respectively. This article aims to study the different nanostructure of biomass forest leaves residual ash and soot such as agglomerated particles, primary particle's measurement using TEM image analysis.
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Influence of Metal Oxide Ashes on Soot Oxidation Kinetics and Nanostructure using Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis
(2019-04-09)
Koko, P.
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Karin, P.
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Saenkhumvong, E.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Phairote, W.
According to increasingly stringent regulations on particulate emission from automotive vehicles, diesel engine must be equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) to trap the Particulate Matter (PM) which are very harmful to human health. Diesel particulate matters are composed primarily of unburned hydrocarbon (soot) and metal oxide ashes as solid fraction. DPF can trap PM with higher filtration efficiency and the process which can burn the soot into carbon dioxide is called regeneration process. Although regeneration process can burn the soot effectively, incombustible ashes will be remained inside the DPF channel causing engine back pressure. These metal oxide ashes are mainly derived from lubricant additives, engine wear and trace metals from diesel fuel. In this article, different nanostructures of diesel soot and metal oxide ash derived by diesel blending lube oil condition were briefly compared using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image analysis. Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was introduced to investigate the chemical composition of particulate matters. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was also conducted to compare the oxidation kinetics of pure diesel soot and the influence of metal oxide ash on soot oxidation kinetics. Contamination of metal oxide ashes promoted soot oxidation rate due to the presence of metallic additives from lube oil acting as a catalyst on soot oxidation kinetics.
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Mechanical property and fracture mechanism of glass fiber reinforced polymer and carbon fiber reinforced polymer
(2019-04-09)
Cuaiman, T.
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Karin, P.
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Ohtake, N.
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Akasaka, H.
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Larpsuriyakul, P.
In the automotive field, most of the manufacturers are looking to replace the material steel, aluminium with lightweight material like carbon fiber or glass fiber composite. The purpose are due to their relatively high strength, higher chemical resistance, flexible usage temperature and higher stiffness than steel. In this study, mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced polymer were investigate. It was find that the tensile strength of carbon fiber composite is approximately 11% higher than that of glass fiber, almost twice in Young's modulus than that of glass fiber. Carbon fiber is two times higher than glass fiber in both flexural stress and young modulus of flexural three points bending test. Image analysis of fracture and damage were detect by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in microstructure scale to observe the fracture mechanism. Observed different failure mode in fiber and resin. Chemical composition of composite and fibers were investigated by using electron dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy that gave out in 88 w.t % of carbon and 12 w.t % in carbon fiber twill (CFT) composite. On the other hand, glass fiber woven (GFW) composite contained 72.7 w.t % of C, 20.7 w.t % of O2, and the rest contained Si, Ca, Al, Mg and Cl.
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Effects of variable O2 concentrations and injection pressures on the combustion and emissions characteristics of the petro-diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil-based fuels under the simulated diesel engine condition
(2018-12-01)
Vo, C.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Karin, P.
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Susumu, S.
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Hidenori, K.
This experimental research investigates the effects of variable O<inf>2</inf> concentrations and injection pressures on the combustion and emissions characteristics of the diesel (B7) and the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)-based fuels. The O<inf>2</inf> concentrations included 21%, 15% and 10% O<inf>2</inf>, while the injection pressures were 80 and 120 MPa. The experimental fuels were the diesel fuel (B7), the neat HVO, the 20%, 50% and 80% HVO (by mass fraction) blended with the diesel. The experiments were carried out in a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM) under the direct injection (DI) diesel combustion condition. The analysis was undertaken using the two-color method. The experimental results indicated that the ignition delay, the heat release rate, the flame temperature, the soot density-KL factor, the NO<inf>x</inf> and soot-out emissions were inversely correlated to the HVO fraction in the blend. In addition, the findings revealed the similar flame profiles in which the higher flame temperature region and the darker KL density were concentrated around the spray flame upstream, regardless of the HVO mixing ratio. Besides, the decrease in the O<inf>2</inf> concentration resulted in the lower heat release rate, integral heat release, flame temperature, KL factor and NO<inf>x</inf> emissions but the longer ignition delay and higher soot concentration, with the highest soot concentration observed under the 15% O<inf>2</inf> environment. Nevertheless, the higher pressure differential (i.e. between the injection pressure and the ambient pressure) contributed to the shorter ignition delay, higher heat release rate, early peak of the flame temperature, wider combustion area, faster soot oxidation rate and higher NO<inf>x</inf> production.
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Finite element analysis of AHS steel under dynamic loading using a micromechanical modelling
(2018-08-06)
Chiyatan, T.
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Karin, P.
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Ohtake, N.
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Uthaisangsuk, V.
Currently, advanced high strength (AHS) steel sheets have been increasingly used in the automotive structural parts, where improved crashworthiness and lightweight design are required at the same time. Such steel sheets provide an excellent combination between high strength and great energy absorption. Most AHS steels exhibit microstructures containing several phases and constituents with different morphologies and mechanical properties. In this work, the dual phase (DP) steel grade 780 was investigated under dynamic tensile loading by means of a finite element modelling on the micro-scale. A representative volume element (RVE) model was applied to take into account the effects of microstructure characteristics on the mechanical behaviour of steel sheets at high strain rates. For the RVE modelling, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was applied to describe the stress-strain response, whereas the Johnson-Cook damage model and damage locus were employed for predicting failure development of each individual phases of examined steel. The RVE simulations were performed under varying strain rates and states of stress and the results were subsequently compared.

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