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    Supramolecular electrochemical detection of bisphenol A using a melamine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide modified screen-printed electrode
    (2026-06-01)
    Thammaso, Supinya
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    Kamsong, Wichayaporn
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    Karuwan, Chanpen
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    Saetear, Phoonthawee
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    Detection of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, requires rapid and reliable methods to ensure water safety. In the current work, we present a supramolecular electrochemical sensor based on a melamine-immobilized reduced graphene oxide-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (Mel-rGO SPE) for the determination of BPA. The sensing design exploits dual supramolecular interactions: hydrogen bonding between melamine's amine groups and BPA's hydroxyl moieties, and π–π stacking between their aromatic rings. While rGO significantly enhances electron transfer, these synergistic effects improve device sensitivity. A Mel-rGO SPE was fabricated using an ink-mixing approach to produce a uniform and robust sensor. BPA detection was performed using cyclic voltammetry, and the anodic peak potential was 0.32 V. The current response provided a good correlation with BPA concentrations in the range of 1–250 μM. The detection limit was low, 0.23 μM. The Mel-rGO SPE was successfully applied to determine BPA in polycarbonate bottled water. These promising results indicate that the developed sensor is an alternative device for rapid screening of BPA contamination of water samples.
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    Smartphone-based disposable cotton-swab sensor loaded with creatinine/Cu–chlorophyllin–stabilized AuNPs for ultrasensitive RGB colorimetric detection of mercury (II) ions in aquatic environments
    (2026-05-01)
    Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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    Detsri, Ekarat
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    Teerasong, Saowapak
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    Chansai, Sarayute
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
    A simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive colorimetric sensor based on a disposable cotton swab loaded with Au nanoparticle–modified Cu-chlorophyllin (Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<inf>CHL</inf>) and creatinine was developed for mercury (II) detection in aquatic environments using smartphone–based RGB analysis. Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<inf>CHL</inf> were synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted chemical reduction, employing Cu-chlorophyllin as a stabilizing and NaBH<inf>4</inf> as a reducing agent. A vivid red Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<inf>CHL</inf> colloidal (7.96 ± 0.29 nm) with a sharp SPR peak at 515 nm was successfully obtained. An aliquot of 75 µL of Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>CHL</inf> (0.103 ± 0.03 nmol L<sup>−1</sup>) and 25 µL of creatinine solution (40 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) were sequentially loaded into an 8.0 × 0.5 cm cotton swab, separated by a 0.5 cm air gap. Detection began by immersing the swab into Hg<sup>2+</sup>–contaminated samples for 3 min, allowing Hg<sup>2+</sup> adsorption. Breaking the swab generated pressure differential, which, along with gravity, drove the Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<inf>CHL</inf> to mix with creatinine. The resulting mixture migrated toward the swab tip by capillary action and reacted with adsorbed Hg<sup>2+</sup> through metallophilic 5d<sup>10</sup>–5d<sup>10</sup> interactions. Creatinine acted as a bridging ligand, inducing Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<inf>CHL</inf> aggregation and shifting the SPR to 620 nm, causing a visible red-to-blue transition. This sensor enables rapid and visual detection and quantitative evaluation via smartphone RGB analysis. The system demonstrated excellent linearity from 1 to 100 µg L<sup>−1</sup> with a low LOD of 0.82 µg L<sup>−1</sup>. Recoveries of 97.6–101.8 % confirmed high accuracy and minimal matrix interference. The disposable cotton swab RGB sensor provides a rapid, portable, and practical tool for on-site primary assessment of Hg<sup>2+</sup> contamination in environmental samples.
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    Ultrasonically anchored core–shell Au–Pt nanoparticles on g-C3N4-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for efficient electrochemical detection of diclofenac in aquatic environments
    (2026-04-01)
    Chinnawat, Sirinyakorn
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    Detsri, Ekarat
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    Thaipukdee, Piyathida
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    Pho-ngernngam, Chakkaphan
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    Jindaphet, Phetradar
    The widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical residues, particularly diclofenac (DCF), in aquatic environments poses serious ecological and health risks due to their persistence and inefficient removal by conventional treatment systems. This study reports a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a core–shell AuPt nanoparticles (Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>) decorated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>) heterostructure modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for DCF monitoring. The Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>/g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> nanocomposite was prepared using the ultrasonication method, in which ultrasonic energy facilitated hydrogen bonding between the Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf> and g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> support. The incorporation of Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf> onto the g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> surface provides strong interfacial adhesion, which effectively enhances charge carrier separation and promotes rapid electron transfer across the interface on the SPCE surface during DCF analysis. Optimization of experimental parameter showed that the electrode fabricated at 1.5 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>nanocomposite concentration, 15 s interval time analysis, a scan rate of 100 mV s<sup>−1</sup>and PBS buffer at pH 7.0 exhibited the highest peak current. The Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>/g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>/SPCE sensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.25–1000 μmol L<sup>−1</sup>, which LOD of 0.25 μmol L<sup>−1</sup>, along with excellent reproducibility (%RSD = 1.12%) and stability (%RSD = 0.24%, after storage for 30 day). The electrode demonstrated strong selectivity against interfering species. Validation with aquatic environments samples achieved recoveries of 98.88–103.49%, and ANOVA analysis confirmed no significant difference (p = 0.527 > 0.05) compared with HPLC results (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99). The synergistic effect of Au<sup>0</sup>-Pt<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>/g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> enhanced catalytic performance, making the developed SPCE platform a reliable, and cost-effective sensor for detecting of DCF pollutants.
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    Ultrasonic-driven synthesis of Cu-chlorophyllin-stabilized silver nanoparticles for high-efficiency antimicrobial surgical suture coatings
    (2025-12-01)
    Sombutjiraporn, Saran
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Daengngern, Rathawat
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    A novel Cu-chlorophyllin-stabilized silver nanoparticle (Ag<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>-Chl<inf>Cu</inf>) with potent antimicrobial properties was synthesized for the first time using an ultrasonically driven chemical reduction approach. In this approach, Cu-chlorophyllin (Chl<inf>Cu</inf>) acts as a stabilizing ligand, while sodium borohydride functions as the chemical reductant. The formation mechanism of Ag<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>CHL</inf> was elucidated, revealing that ultrasonic irradiation facilitates the in situ reduction of Ag (I) and its subsequent incorporation into the Chl<inf>Cu</inf> complex. Four pyrrole rings coordinate with Ag<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf> through four nitrogen atoms, which serve as adsorption sites for the anchorage of Ag<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>CHL</inf>. Characterization by XPS revealed the presence of Ag-N bonding involving pyrrole units on the FCC structure of Ag<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>. Ag<sup>0</sup><inf>NPs</inf>-Chl<inf>Cu</inf> demonstrated a zeta potential of (-) 35.57±3.54 mV with a spherical shape and an average size of 6.72±1.72 nm, resulting in a stable colloidal dispersion with a monodispersed index. The synthesized Ag<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>CHL</inf> nanocomposites were subsequently deposited onto polyamide surgical sutures via an electrostatic Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. The coated sutures exhibited >99.9 % antibacterial efficiency against E. coli (ATCC25922), S. aureus (ATCC25923), and A. baumanii (ATCC19606). While nanoparticle accumulation was observed in human primary epidermal keratinocyte (HEKa) cells, no cytotoxic effects were detected in the epidermis. This study highlights the effectiveness of Chl<inf>Cu</inf> as a dual stabilizing and coordinating agent for Ag⁰<inf>NPs</inf>, offering a promising approach for developing antimicrobial surgical materials.
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    Ultrasonically synthesized core-shell Au/Pt nanoparticles decorated g-C3N4heterostructures for enhanced sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of aflatoxin B1 in domestic wastewater
    (2025-10-01)
    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Peensuwan, Natthakan
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    Paiboonbudsrakum, Tanyapat
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    Chiangthap, Tanawan
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    Chinnawat, Sirinyakorn
    The discharge of domestic wastewater from washing agricultural products contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), even at low concentrations, poses significant risks to food chain integrity and public health. Core-shell Au/Pt nanoparticles anchored on a g-C3N4 heterostructure (Au-PtNPs/g-C3N4) were developed as a highly promising photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of AFB1 in domestic wastewater treatment applications. Herein, core-shell Au-PtNPs were synthesized via a straightforward one-step chemical reduction method assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. The core-shell Au-PtNPs (46.52±0.15nm) were uniformly anchored onto the g-C3N4 nanosheets via hydrogen bonding during ultrasonic dispersion. The Au-PtNPs/g-C3N4 composites were systematically characterized and evaluated for AFB1 photodegradation. Complete removal of AFB1 (50μgL-1) was accomplished within just 1min under natural sunlight using 0.50mg of catalyst at pH 7.0, demonstrating a 6.7-fold enhancement over pristine g-C3N4. Mechanistic investigations confirmed that the AuNPs core induced a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect that broadened visible-light absorption, while the PtNPs shell served as an efficient electron sink, facilitating charge separation. Simultaneously, the g-C3N4 nanosheets functioned as a visible-light-responsive photoactive scaffold, promoting effective charge generation and directional migration across the heterojunction interface. These synergistic effects were validated by diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photoluminescence quenching, and Mott-Schottky analysis. The combined enhancements significantly promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (•O-2, •OH and h∗), driving the efficient photodegradation of AFB1. Thus, the Au-PtNPs/g-C3N4 photocatalyst provides a promising, sunlight-driven strategy for AFB1 detoxification in real wastewater from domestic, agricultural and food industry sources.
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    Smartphone RGB camera-based colorimetric platform with double-layer spherical Ca (II)-alginate/ZnONPs hydrogel liquid-core curcumin emulsion for rapid and selective detection of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in functional beverages
    (2025-08-01)
    Chinnawat, Sirinyakorn
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    Detsri, Ekarat
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    Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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    Teerasong, Saowapak
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
    A portable smartphone-based RGB colorimetric sensor was developed for the quantitative detection of pyridoxine (vitamin B6, VB-6) in functional beverages, employing a novel core–shell hydrogel probe (CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf>), engineered with a calcium alginate matrix encapsulating a liquid-phase curcumin emulsion and externally layered by poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs/PDADMAC). The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> spheres were fabricated via a molecular self-assembly reverse spherification and demonstrated high mechanical stability (stiffness: 6.45 × 10<sup>4</sup> N/m, compressive strength: 1.01 × 10<sup>6</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup>) along with excellent UV-blocking photostability for up to 28 days. The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> probe was applied for detecting VB-6 via a smartphone-based sensing platform. The colorimetric assay was based on a two-step strategy involving initially the formation of the colorless pyridoxine-boron complex by VB-6 and boric acid, after which the remaining boric acid binds with curcumin to produce a red rosocyanine dye. A higher VB-6 concentration yields less rosocyanine and a discernible color shift from orange to yellow, which is quantified via smartphone RGB analysis. The RGB values were assessed via a smartphone application, providing the linearity of VB-6 detection of 10–125 mg L<sup>−1</sup> with LOD and LOQ of 2.93 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and 9.77 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> exhibited excellent precision with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.20 to 0.27 %, while recoveries ranged from 99.84 % to 103.03 %. Particularly, the results of this method were also validated by comparing with HPLC and UV–vis spectrophotometry. The smartphone RGB camera-based colorimetric sensor of CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> has great potential application prospects for detecting VB-6 in functional beverage samples.
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    Ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensors based on trimetallic AuPt-Ru nanoparticles decorated RGO with disposable and low-cost goldleaf electrode for aflatoxin B1 quantification in agricultural products
    (2025-01-01)
    Khattiya, Akrarath
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    Karaket, Ratchanok
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    Due to the significant increase in cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with the agricultural products consumption contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), there is an urgent need for rapid AFB1 detection methods. Herein, we propose using waxberry-like heterostructure AuPt-Ru nanoparticles supported by RGO (AuPt-Ru/RGO) embedded goldleaf as a disposable and low-cost electrode (GLE<inf>AuPt-Ru/RGO</inf>) for electrochemical aptasensor detection of AFB1. The trimetallic AuPt-Ru nanocomposite was synthesized through the ultrasonic-driven chemical reduction method. The AuPt-Ru was integrated with RGO to accelerate the electron transfer and increase the specific immobilizing surface area of the thiol-5′-terminated modified aptamer (aptamer) to target AFB1 on GLE. The electrochemical aptasensor GLE<inf>AuPt-Ru/RGO</inf> shows a highly selective response for AFB1 through specific hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. The linearity of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements for AFB1 was 0.3–30.0 pg mL<sup>−1</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9972) with a detection limit (LOD) and a quantification limit (LOQ) of 9 × 10<sup>−3</sup> pg mL<sup>−1</sup> and 3.1 × 10<sup>−2</sup> pg mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The developed aptamer-based GLE<inf>AuPt-Ru/RGO</inf> performed effectively in actual samples, with recoveries ranging from 94.6 % to 107.9 % in agricultural products including dried red chili, garlic, peanuts, pepper, and Thai jasmine rice. The fabricated aptamer-based GLE-decorated AuPt-Ru/RGO exhibited excellent electrochemical behavior similar to that of a modified commercial electrode, which has great potential application prospects for detecting AFB1 in agricultural products.
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    Ultrasonic-driven chemical reduction synthesis of alizarin complexone-modified gold nanoparticles for dual-signal colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of histamine in seafood products
    (2024-12-01)
    Phoungsiri, Ampika
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    Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    Alizarin complexone-modified gold nanoparticles (Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf>) were synthesized using a proposed ultrasonic irradiation-assisted chemical reduction method. Ultrasonic irradiation powers, reaction time and alizarin complexone concentration had been proven to be the main parameters for controlling the nucleation and growth of Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf>. In the synthesized ultrasonic irradiation-assisted chemical reduction conditions, Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf> had a spherical oriented morphology with a uniform size of 17.84 ± 1.37 nm and are shiny red with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of 535 nm. A rapid colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode detection strategy for selective detection of histamine in seafood was developed based on the self-assembly of Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf>-Ni (II) complexes. Ni (II) can capture the histamine molecules close to Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf> surfaces, making changes in the colorimetric and fluorometric responses of the solution. The quantitative analysis of histamine was realized through the variation of dual-signal colorimetric and fluorometric responses. Such Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf> sensor offered good detection sensitivity for histamine with a detection limit (LOD) of 59.32 μmol L<sup>−1</sup> and 116.20 μmol L<sup>−1</sup> and wide linear response within the range of 10–10000 μmol L<sup>−1</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9952) and 100–5000 μmol L<sup>−1</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9947) for colorimetric and fluorometric measurement, respectively. Recoveries ranging from 94.99 to 103.29 % and 97.67–106.88 % for colorimetric and fluorometric assay were obtained, showing low levels of matrix effects. Particularly, the results of the dual-mode sensor were also validated by comparing with the HPLC method for improving the assay accuracy and dependability. Ultimately, the developed Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<inf>ALz</inf> colorimetric and fluorometric probe performs excellently in practical applications, with promising results for detecting histamine in seafood products.
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    Covalent organic frameworks blended cellulose nanocrystal for in-needle syringe solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dark roasted coffee
    (2024-11-01)
    Karaket, Ratchanok
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    Khattiya, Akrarath
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    Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    A novel solid phase of an in-needle syringe solid-phase extraction system (In<inf>NS</inf>-SPE), covalent organic framework blended cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite (COF@CNC), was prepared for the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dark roasted coffee samples. Trace PAHs in dark roasted coffee were effectively extracted through π-π stacking interaction with COF@CNC. The effect of various experimental parameters on the extraction performances, including adsorbent dosage, desorption solvent and its volume, sample volume, elution flow rate, and ionic strength, were studied. The extraction efficiency, quantified as extraction recovery, was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). Under the optimal conditions, the COF@CNC sorbent-based In<inf>NS</inf>-SPE with HPLC-FD can be used for detecting four PAHs, including acenaphthene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, in the linear range of 5 to 1,000 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>, with a good correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9968). The detection limits were found in the range of 3.07–5.49 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>. The COF@CNC sorbent exhibited good reusability (12 times, with a slight change in % recoveries). Furthermore, the proposed In<inf>NS</inf>-SPE based COF@CNC method was environmentally friendly due to the use of a small volume of desorption solvent (1.0 mL). The extraction of PAHs from dark roasted coffee using the developed tool was achieved with recoveries in the range of 82.50–105.76. It proved that the method was unaffected by the sample matrix. Therefore, the COF@CNC nanocomposite sorbent-based In<inf>NS</inf>-SPE is an effective tool for detecting PAHs in dark roasted coffee samples.
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    Aggregated gallic acid-modified platinum nanoparticles as colorimetric sensor for tannic acid detection in beverages based on displacement phenomenon
    (2024-10-01)
    Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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    Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
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    Monvisade, Pathavuth
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    Detsri, Ekarat
    A new colorimetric assay for the rapid detection of tannic acid in beverage samples based on displacement phenomenon of aggregated gallic acid-modified platinum nanoparticles is developed for the first time. PtNPs were functionalized with gallic acid, promoting the formation of the green-hued aggregated nanoparticles. While colorimetry offers a rapid method for identifying tannic acid, challenges remain in sensitivity and accuracy of detection on the PtNPs colorimetric probe, particularly in the presence of anthocyanin interferences. To address this, we developed a sample preparation method to degrade anthocyanin in beverages. Tannic acid was easily displaced onto the gallic acid-coated PtNPs surfaces, causing dispersion and resulting in a visible color change from green to orange − brown. Under the optimal conditions, the colorimetric sensor exhibited a linear response in the range of 1 − 2,000 µmol/L (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9991). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were found at 0.02 and 0.09 µmol/L, respectively. The proposed sensor expressed superior selectivity over other interfering substances and demonstrated excellent precision with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.00 %−3.36 %. More importantly, recoveries ranging from 95.0 − 104.7 % were obtained, indicating the capability of proposed colorimetric sensor to detect tannic acid rapidly and accurately in real beverage samples.