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Advancing Masonry Engineering: Effective Prediction of Prism Strength via Machine Learning Techniques
(2026-04-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Chatveera, Burachat
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Ali, Muhammad Hassan
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Choudhary, Sandeerah
Masonry buildings have shaped construction history since about 6500 BCE. They offer durability, strength, and cost effectiveness, especially in developing countries. Yet assessing compressive strength during construction remains challenging due to the constituent materials soil, cement, and stone, complicating standardization worldwide. In the present study, an innovative model based on a machine learning algorithm is put forth to predict the compressive strengths of prisms. Some important factors considered as input to the algorithm based on traditional methods are the brick and mortar strengths, prism geometry, mortar bed thickness, and empirically derived height-to-thickness (t) (h/t) ratios. Three different ANN algorithms are coded and trained on the input data, and they are based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, the resilient backpropagation algorithm, and the conjugate gradient algorithm. The optimal ANN model trained using the conjugate gradient Polak–Ribière algorithm (traincgp) achieves superior performance, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9881, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9927, RMSE = 0.9914 MPa, MAE = 0.6039 MPa, MAPE = 20.9141%, VAF = 0.9881, and WI = 0.9970. Sensitivity analysis shows the height-to-thickness (h/t) ratio is the dominant influence on compressive strength, consistent with structural mechanics. The primary contributions are the systematically curated, richly parameterized dataset and its use to produce robust, physically interpretable predictions with established ANN methods.
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Predicting Flexural Strength of FRP-Strengthened Waste Aggregate Concrete Beams with Machine Learning: A Step Towards Sustainability
(2026-04-01)
Sangthongtong, Arissaman
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Chatveera, Burachat
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Sua-iam, Gritsada
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Mehmood, Tahir
Using waste materials in the manufacture of concrete has many environmental advantages. However, it can be difficult to estimate structural performance, especially when beams are reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). In order to provide a data-driven approach to sustainable structural design, this work explores the use of machine learning (ML) approaches to forecast the flexural strength of FRP-strengthened waste aggregate concrete beams. A total number of 92 experimental datasets were used to develop and assess four ML algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Neural Network (NN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Regression plots, Taylor diagrams, statistical measures (R2R^2R2, RMSE, MAE, MSE), and explainable AI (XAI) tools, including SHAP, LIME, and partial dependence plots (PDPs), were used to evaluate the model’s performance. RF outperformed NN in terms of predictive accuracy, while XGBoost exhibited similar performance to RF. The most significant predictors, according to a SHAP analysis, were beam length and fiber length, with the lower followed by steel tensile strength, fiber width, and concrete compressive strength. LIME offered local interpretability for individual predictions, but PDPs demonstrated optimal parameter ranges and a nonlinear feature strength relationship. The findings provide engineers with a strong decision-support tool for designing green infrastructure, since they show that ensemble-based models can accurately represent the intricate, nonlinear dynamics controlling flexural behavior in sustainable FRP-strengthened waste aggregate concrete beams.
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Collapse prevention of pre-stressed electric transmission poles using glass fiber reinforced polymers
(2025-07-01)
Parichatprecha, Rattapoohm
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Rodsin, Kittipoom
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Suthasupradit, Songsak
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Mehmood, Tahir
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Nawaz, Adnan
Natural hazards such as strong winds, typhoons, and earthquakes have caused massive economic losses in the form of damage to residential and life-line structures. Electric transmission infrastructures are life-line structures susceptible to severe damage under lateral loads like wind and earthquakes. This study focused on vulnerability assessment and measures to reduce the expected damage to the prestressed electric transmission poles under lateral loads. The Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheet is selected as a strengthening material because the fiber cost is affordable but still has acceptable high tensile strength. A full-scale 12-meter-long prestressed transmission pole was tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading. Furthermore, another specimen strengthened with the GFRP sheet was tested to quantify the effectiveness of this technique. The experimental results show significant improvement in the lateral response behavior of prestressed poles in terms of lateral drift capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation characteristics. The GFRP-strengthened specimen exhibited a significantly enhanced lateral drift capacity (more than 100 %) compared to the control specimen. The performance of GFRP in preventing the collapse of a full-scale transmission pole is proved experimentally in this study. Finally, a numerical model based on the fiber modeling concept was also implemented in the open-source platform OpenSees to simulate the observed hysteretic behavior for strengthened and unstrengthened prestressed electric transmission poles. The application of this strengthening method is shown to be very practical for collapse prevention of existing PC poles both in terms of performance and budget.
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Enhancing compressive behavior of concrete with novel low-cost hybrid passive confinement including large rupture strain cotton ropes: Experimental findings and a design-oriented model
(2024-12-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Ejaz, Ali
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Joklad, Panuwat
Recent research have highlighted the potential of hybrid confinement, combining high tensile strength fiber-reinforced polymers with large rupture strain confinement. This study presents experimental findings on 64 cylindrical and square-shaped specimens tested under axial compression, introducing a novel hybrid confinement method utilizing low-cost fiberglass chopped strand mat sheets and cotton ropes (COFS confinement). The experimental and analytical results yielded several key conclusions. Firstly, circular specimens exhibited significant peak strength increases in various subgroups, with enhancements ranging from 97.5 % to 285.5 %, and ultimate strain improvements ranging from 588.6 % to 1650.0 %. Similarly, square specimens under COFS confinement also demonstrated notable enhancements in ultimate strength and strain, with increases up to 244.7 % and 1083.0 %, respectively, particularly evident with higher levels of confinement. The influence of cross-sectional shape on compressive strength, strain, and energy dissipation was noted, with COFS confinement notably improving these factors for circular sections. Additionally, the study found that as the unconfined compressive strength increased, the enhancement in compressive strength, ultimate strain, and energy dissipation decreased. Moreover, the confinement ratio positively affected axial behavior improvement, with a proportional enhancement observed. However, the efficacy of the confinement ratio was influenced by cross-section type and plain concrete strength, emphasizing the need for considering these factors in COFS-based confinement design. Lastly, an analytical design-oriented model proposed for approximating stress vs. strain curves of COFS-confined concrete showed close agreement with experimental results, providing valuable insights for future design considerations.
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Corrigendum to ‘Enhancing compressive behavior of concrete with novel low-cost hybrid passive confinement including large rupture strain cotton ropes: Experimental findings and a design-oriented model’ [Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 21 (2024) e03496] (Case Studies in Construction Materials (2024) 21, (S2214509524006478), (10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03496))
(2024-12-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Ejaz, Ali
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Joyklad, Panuwat
The authors regret that the fifth author's name was incorrect in the published article. The correct name of the fifth author as “Panuwat Joyklad” The acknowledgement section should be updated by including the last line in the acknowledgement. The revised acknowledgement should read as: This research is a result of the project entitled “Development of a Novel, Low-cost and High Performance Hybrid FRP Composites for Waste Aggregate Concrete for Sustainable Cities Grant NO.RE-KRIS/ FF67/023” by King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), which has been received funding support from the NSRF. The APC was funded by King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Research Fund. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. DOI of original article: < https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03496>
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Synergizing Portland Cement, high-volume fly ash and calcined calcium carbonate in producing self-compacting concrete: A comprehensive investigation of rheological, mechanical, and microstructural properties
(2024-12-01)
Saingam, Panumas
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Chatveera, Burachat
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Promsawat, Pongsakon
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Nawaz, Adnan
The manufacturing of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the primary contributors to atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>. The use of high-volume OPC replacement materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been the focus of several investigations owing to the increased demand for environmentally friendly building materials. This paper presents the experimental investigation of the properties of SCC, where 25–70 % OPC was replaced with fly ash and calcined calcium carbonate (BCC). Different experimental tests, such as workability, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructural characteristics, have been carried out. The test results of workability showed that all the mixes were conforming to satisfactory conditions of EFNARC for the T500 flow timings within the range from 2.50 to 4.55 seconds and slump flow values within the range from 650 to 800 mm. This mix, here called 20F5C, had optimum behaviour with its 91-day compressive strength of 73.8 MPa, a gain of 7.7 % over the control. Replacement ratio, microstructure, and mechanical properties were correlated. Even high-replacement mixes like 50F20C provided a 91-day compressive strength of 58.9 MPa. This clearly shows the prospect of a considerable reduction in cement consumption while maintaining structural integrity. These results indicate the possibility of reduced OPC consumption in concrete production, which again identifies low carbon emission and utilization of waste according to international sustainability goals. The findings have revealed that SCC made with high-volume replacements of OPC could be an economically viable and environmentally friendly solution for the construction industry worldwide.
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Performance evaluation of high-performance concrete mixes incorporating recycled steel scale waste as fine aggregates
(2024-12-01)
Nawaz, Adnan
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Hussain, Saad
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Tufail, Rana Faisal
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Iqbal, Hafiz Waheed
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Mehmood, Tahir
In this study, steel-scale waste (SSW), a byproduct generated during the manufacturing of steel, was investigated as a potential alternative to natural fine aggregates (sand) for preparing high-performance concrete (HPC). Three grades of sand and SSW with different particle sizes were mixed in varying combinations. Three different compaction techniques (loose, tamped, vibration) were employed. The optimum packing density for both SSW and natural aggregates was achieved using the vibration compaction method. Since the combination of 50 % sand and 50 % SSW exhibited the best packing density for both materials, this bi-grade aggregate mixture was selected for the mix preparation. The mechanical tests (compressive strength, flexural strength) and durability assessment (bulk water sorptivity, rate of water absorption, chloride ion penetration) were performed to achieve the desired objectives. The specimens were exposed to two different curing regimes i.e., normal curing and heat curing at elevated temperature. A significant increase in compressive and flexural strength was observed with the increased content of SSW. A compressive strength as high as 140 MPa was obtained for the HPC mix containing SSW aggregates and steel fibers. The replacement ratio of SSW was optimized to achieve better strength and durability. Experimental results showed that heat curing was more effective than conventional curing methods in improving the performance of the concrete.
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Performance of Environmentally Friendly Concrete Containing Fly-Ash and Waste Face Mask Fibers
(2024-12-01)
Nawaz, Adnan
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Khan, Ameer Murad
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Jirasakjamroonsri, Amorntep
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Saingam, Panumas
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Ejaz, Ali
This work was carried out to explore the potential use of used face masks in concrete to develop sustainable green concrete. In this experimental study, used face masks were cut up, removing the ear stripes and internal nose steel wire, to prepare elongated fibers. These fibers were incorporated in cement fly ash mixtures as an additive to determine the response of M20-grade concrete. The Class F fly ash (FA) was employed as a fractional substitute of cement up to 25% by weight, whereas the addition of face masks occurred at 0%, 0.125%, and 0.25% by volume of concrete. The testing scheme focused on the mechanical and durability characteristics of the cement FA mixtures carried out after 3, 28, and 60 days of curing. The inclusion of FA and face mask fibers reduced the density of concrete specimens. The compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths of mixes were also reduced at an early age; however, the strength characteristics improved at later ages, compared to the control mix. The combination of both materials in concrete mixtures resulted in lower water absorption, lower bulk water sorption, and lower mass loss values against acid attack at later ages. Similarly, the electrical resistance of concrete substantially enhanced by increasing the percentage of both materials. The experimental results demonstrated that processed face masks can be utilized in cement fly ash mixes without significantly compromising the resultant concrete characteristics.
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Effect of para-wood ash and calcium carbonate on the properties of eco-friendly self-compacting mortar reinforced with electronic waste fibers
(2024-10-15)
Makul, Natt
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Hussain, Qudeer
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Saingam, Panumas
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Sua-iam, Gritsada
This paper deals with reducing CO<inf>2</inf> emissions from cement production and finding alternative uses for electronic waste (E-waste) fibers in some innovative applications in self-compacting mortar (SCM). In the present research, an attempt has been made to establish the optimum incorporation of E-waste fiber into SCM by varying the fiber content from 5 % to 25 %, combined with para-wood ash and calcium carbonate as supplementary cementitious materials. In this laboratory study, the mix design had a constant water-to-powder ratio of 0.35 and a cement content of 550 kg/m³. Additionally, 20 % of the cement volume was replaced by 10 % para-wood ash and 10 % calcium carbonate. The results indicated a continuous increase of the mini-slump values from 255 mm for the control mix to 270 mm for the mix with the highest fiber content. Mini V-funnel flow times increased from 3.63 to 8.83 s as the fiber content increased. Lower fiber contents of 5 % improved compressive strength because they had a reinforcing role in the matrix of SCM besides the microcrack-bridging role. Higher contents of 10–25 % decreased the strength due to the clustering of fibers and resulting voids. SEM analysis at 28 days showed increased voids with higher percentages of E-waste fibers and para-wood ash alone. The results underline that optimizing fiber content is critical in balancing workability and mechanical properties, and 5 % e-waste fiber content can be considered optimal for enhancing the performance of SCM. This work also creates part of sustainable construction practice with the green solution required to reduce CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and work accumulation against E-waste.
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Structural behavior of RC one-way slabs strengthened with ferrocement and FRP composites
(2024-07-01)
Joyklad, Panuwat
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Krishna Gadagamma, Chaitanya
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Maneengamlert, Bodee
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Nawaz, Adnan
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Ejaz, Ali
Existing research lacks focus on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) one-way slabs reinforced with ferrocement, and there's a notable absence of comparative studies between fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and ferrocement strengthening methods for these slabs. Given the cost-effectiveness and widespread use of ferrocement in structural reinforcement, this study aimed to address these gaps through an experimental program. Three sizes of wire mesh, categorized as Type-I (small), Type-II (medium), and Type-III (large), were employed in this study. Chemical or mechanical anchors were used to attach ferrocement jackets. Moreover, 6, 12, or 18 anchors were used to assess the effect of anchor configuration. The goal was to enhance the structural performance of slabs and compare them with slabs reinforced using FRP jackets. The study focused on preventing debonding of the strengthening layers, employing either mechanical or chemical anchors. All slabs exhibited ductile failure with flexural cracks. The peak load and ultimate deflection were enhanced by up to 49.00% and 109.07%, respectively, by the application of ferrocement jackets, whereas the dissipated energy was increased by up to 174.00 %. Notably, the use of chemical anchors demonstrated a superior ability to delay debonding and enhance ductility compared to mechanical anchors. Slabs reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) showed delayed debonding relative to carbon FRP (CFRP) reinforced slabs, indicating the superior performance of chemical anchors with GFRP layers. Moreover, the type and size of wire mesh significantly influenced performance, with small and medium-sized mesh configurations enhancing ductility, while large-sized mesh exhibited relatively earlier debonding. The orientation of the wire mesh also played a crucial role, with parallel orientation to the longitudinal axis of slabs yielding better performance.

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