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Upcycling waste mycelium into chitosan-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators with enhanced energy output
(2026-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Vitayakorn, Narathip
Sustainable nanogenerators require bio-based active layers that combine interfacial polarization, mechanical deformability, and stable charge generation. Herein, waste mushroom mycelium (WMM) was upcycled as a multifunctional biofiller in chitosan (CTS)-based films for piezoelectric/triboelectric energy-harvesting devices. By controlling WMM loading and glycerol plasticization, this study reveals a morphology–dielectric–compliance coupling mechanism governing device performance. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and X-ray tomographic analyses show that WMM modifies hydrogen bonding, chain packing, surface texture, and internal filler connectivity, while excessive loading causes aggregation and structural non-uniformity. The optimized 7 wt% WMM/CTS film produced a PENG-mode output of 1.87 V and 1.72 μA and a TENG output of 15.39 V and 2.54 μA. The output of the TENG was further improved to 20.35 V and 2.80 μA at a maximum power of about 44 μW with glycerol plasticization. Capacitor charging, cyclic operation, LED array illumination and seven-segment display were also shown with the optimized device. Notably, the highest low-frequency apparent permittivity was observed at 11 wt% WMM/CTS, but its output decreased because of aggregation, dielectric loss, and mechanical non-uniformity. These results demonstrate that optimum energy harvesting is governed not by dielectric permittivity alone but by balanced polar interfaces, surface asperity, moderate dielectric loss, and contact compliance. This work establishes waste mycelium as a functional biofiller for sustainable biopolymer active layers in low-power self-powered systems.
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Gamma glycine enhances efficiency of organic hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerators
(2024-01-01)
Ukasi, Sirinya
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Jutapukti, Paritta
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Ninthub, Chiranicha
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Pinpru, Nattapong
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
This study presents a comprehensive exploration of enhancing the electrical output of flexible hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerators (P-TENG) through the incorporation of γ-glycine (γ-GC) into fully organic γ-GC/chitosan (CS) composites. A systematic investigation of the effects of γ-GC content (wt%) on the material characteristics and resulting electrical output signal is conducted. The research demonstrates the pivotal role of optimized γ-GC and CS concentrations in achieving superior performance. Through adherence to the percolation threshold principle, a critical γ-GC content is identified, leading to the attainment of the highest output signal. Three theoretical explanations substantiate this observation: firstly, molecular polarization occurring at the interface; secondly, the establishment of a well-connected filler internetwork; and thirdly, mitigation of air breakdown limitations. The interaction of γ-GC and CS fosters a robust hydrogen bond network, aligning interface polarization coherently. Efficient internetwork connections between γ-GC fillers facilitate facile charge generation and transfer. Furthermore, utilizing an appropriate quantity of γ-GC ensures optimal charge entrapment while circumventing issues related to air breakdown. The optimal electrical output is achieved by using 50% γ-GC, resulting in an open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 79 V and a short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 64 µA. The maximum power output (P<inf>max</inf>) registers at 705.96 µW under an external load resistance of 1 MΩ. Importantly, practical applications are demonstrated, including capacitor charging (0.22 μF and 0.33 μF), illumination of 100 LEDs, and operation of a scientific calculator-equipped watch.
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Simple enhanced charge density of chitosan film by the embedded ion method for the flexible triboelectric nanogenerator
(2022-12-01)
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Supansomboon, Supitcha
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
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Pongampai, Satana
This research proposed a simple ionic embedded method to improve electrical output performance by adding surface charges of cationic chitosan (CS) biopolymer for compatible utilization of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). By simply embedding cationic salts, the TENG performance was enhanced by over four times more than that with pristine CS. Moreover, by modifying roughness on the film surface, the optimized condition of R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> reached the highest V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> of ~149 V and ~15 μA, respectively, thus exceeding the output from pristine R-CS TENG by four- and three times of ⁓38 V and ⁓5.1 μA. The maximum power output of 400 μW/cm2 can be observed at the 10 MΩ external load resistance. Finally, by integrating an automatic self-charge pumping (ASCP) module, the ASCP/CS-TENG provided highly efficient V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf> output power by over 1.3 times more than the R-CS/3 %CaCl<inf>2</inf> TENG and could light up 72 light emitting diodes (LEDs) easily.
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Achieving a highly efficient chitosan-based triboelectric nanogenerator via adding organic proteins: Influence of morphology and molecular structure
(2021-11-01)
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The utilization of biodegradable materials for the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has provoked intensive interest since the growth of electronic devices tended to operate in proximity of the human body. This work proposed highly efficient biopolymer, based on a chitosan (CS) TENG, by incorporating protein-based compounds as fillers. The effect of different types of protein; albumin, egg-shell membrane (ESM) and silk fiber (SF), with the loaded content on the output performance of TENG was explored. It was found that the output signal can be maintained and even enhanced by embedding interlaced-fiber and making a gauze-like structure inside the CS matrix. Morphologies not only have different types of amino acid side chains, but also affect triboelectric output performance. High content of glycine, alanine and serine consequently increases the output signal by providing additional charges from molecular polarizations. Mixing glycine amino acid in the presence of alanine and serine reduces the centrosymmetric structure of the host amino acid and creates polar domains. Adding SF in CS, therefore, achieves the best output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and current (I<inf>SC</inf>) as compared to other additives. The CS/SF TENG, with 10 wt% SF added, can reach ~ 77 V and ~ 13 µA of V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf>, respectively. Its maximum output power of ~ 202 μW, with power density of 22.4 μW/cm2, is 6 times higher than that from pristine CS TENG, which can easily light up 59 light emitting diodes (LEDs) connected in series. Finally, the biodegradability was confirmed at various weeks related to the output measurement of V<inf>OC</inf> and I<inf>SC</inf>. After 9 weeks of the soil burial test, the CS/SF still generated ~ 20 V V<inf>OC</inf> and ~ 2.5 µA I<inf>SC</inf> with 30% weight loss.
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Triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator based on BaTiO3-Nanorods/Chitosan enhanced output performance with self-charge-pumping system
(2021-03-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pinpru, Nattapong
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Pulphol, Phieraya
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Vittayakorn, Wanwilai
Recent advances in achieving flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) focus widely on utilizing and modifying abundant natural biopolymer. Boosting power generation and conversion efficiency continue to prevail. In this work, three main strategies were proposed to enhance the output performance of chitosan-based TENGs; 1) hybridization with lead-free piezoelectric nanorod, 2) introduction of a soft electrode using bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube composite to enhance contact efficiency, and 3) enhancement of charge density of the triboelectric friction layer using a self-charge pumping (SCP) module. Under the same testing conditions of 48 ± 5% relative humidity, ~0.55 Hz of frequency, ~250 N of compressive force at 25.0 ± 0.5 °C, and the combination of 7 wt% lead-free piezoelectric BaTiO<inf>3</inf> nanorods (BT-NRs) in the chitosan matrix, the highest open-circuit voltage (V<inf>oc</inf>) of ~111.4 V, short circuit (I<inf>sc</inf>) of ~21.6 μA/cm2, and also output power density of 756 μW/cm2 was achieved. By using an integrated SCP module, the TENGs can provide a V<inf>oc</inf>, I<inf>sc</inf> and peak power output of 247.2 V, 36.7 μA/cm2 and 1568 μW/cm2, respectively. This electrical power output rises to over 4-fold more power enhancement than that of pristine chitosan TENGs. The TENGs demonstrate remarkable mechanical stability and reliability upon cyclical contact for up to 3000 times. This work provides a promising strategy for achieving high-output, eco-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators. By boosting the output performance via continuous charge pumping, ultrahigh effective charge density was achieved successfully in flexible chitosan/BT-NR biocomposites that can push output performance towards real applications of TENGs.

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