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Wireless Carbon Monoxide Level Control and Monitoring System
(2025-01-01)
Rerkratn, Apinai
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Riewruja, Vanchai
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Tammaruckwattana, Sirichai
This paper proposes an online carbon monoxide control and monitoring system. The proposed system comprises an MQ-7 CO gas sensor module, a DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor module, an ESP8266 module, and a Relay Module. The ThingSpeak platform is used to create HMI for online monitoring of CO level, temperature, humidity, and status of the ventilation fan. This proposed system can measure CO and monitor all parameters of measurement data, alert users when CO values exceed the set value. In addition, the measured CO values are used to control the ventilation system operation (ON or OFF) to maintain the CO at a non-harmful level. The experiment testing and results with three conditions show that the proposed system can measure and monitor CO level, temperature, and humidity online with satisfying values. The ventilation fan can operate with function as a design procedure and maintain CO at a non-harmful level.
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer Signal Conditioning Circuit Based on Phase-Locked Loop
(2024-01-01)
Songsuwankit, Kanoknuch
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Riewruja, Vanchai
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Rerkratn, Apinai
The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel technique for extracting the position signal from an inductive displacement transducer named a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). In general, the movement of the LVDT core causes its primary inductance change in linear form. The primary winding of the LVDT is used as a time-dependent element for the triangular and square wave generator, which can be called self-oscillation, to generate frequency. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it can measure the displacement using the LVDT without an external oscillator. The change in primary inductance causes the frequency deviation generated by the oscillator. The deviated frequency is captured and converted into a voltage signal using the principle of the phase-locked loop. All the components used in this study are commercially available. The merits of this proposed technique are simple configuration, small size, and low cost. Moreover, the operating range of the LVDT can be extended without the limitation of the nonlinear transfer characteristic. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by experimental implementation. Experimental results show that the maximum error from the proposed technique is about 0.42% and the operating range of the LVDT can be extended to more than 200%. It can be seen that the proposed technique is suitable for embedded measurement in small or micro robots.
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Wireless Temperature Control Plant Model Using LabVIEW
(2023-12-14)
Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Rerkratn, Apinai
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Riewruja, Vanchai
This paper presents a wireless temperature control plant. The proposed system consists of RTD PT1000 temperature sensor, Wheatstone bridge circuit, amplifier circuit, ESP32 module, SCR power regulator, incandescent lamp, and LabVIEW program for controlling and monitoring temperature of plant. The RTD PT1000 sensor is used for measuring the temperature of plant and converting to voltage by Wheatstone bridge circuit before sent the output voltage to analog input port of ESP 32 module. The TCP/IP protocol is used to communicate between LabVIEW program and ESP32 module via WIFI network. LabVIEW program is employed to monitor and control temperature of plant via display screen. The experimental testing with various conditions shows that the proposed system can monitor and control temperature of plant with satisfactory values without the cables connecting between the temperature plant and the control unit.
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Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic
(2023-01-01)
Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Songsuwankit, Kanoknuch
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Rerkratn, Apinai
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Gullayanon, Rutchanee
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Riewruja, Vanchai
An analog circuit technique to realize an inverse transfer characteristic of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is presented in this paper. Practically, the structure of the LVDT causes a narrow linear operating range compared with its full stroke range. However, a large linear operating range requires a huge structure for the LVDT, making it unsuitable for a small or compact measurement system. The proposed technique can be used in a commercial LVDT to extend the linear operating range to its full stroke range. The technique utilizes an inherent behavior of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) to emulate the LVDT transfer characteristic. The LVDT transfer characteristic generated by the OTA is used as a feedback path of the inverting amplifier formed by an operational amplifier (opamp) to realize the inverse transfer characteristic. The residual error due to the OTA behavior is very small and can be neglected without adversely affecting the performance of the proposed technique. All devices used in the proposed scheme are commercially available. The attractive features of the proposed technique are its simple configuration, small size, low cost, and high accuracy. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by its experimental implementation. Measurement results demonstrate that the linear operating range of the commercial LVDT used in this study can be extended by a factor of more than 2.4, and a fullscale percentage error of about 0.068% was obtained.
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A Procedure for Precise Determination and Compensation of Lead-Wire Resistance of a Two-Wire Resistance Temperature Detector
(2022-06-01)
Rerkratn, Apinai
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Prombut, Supatsorn
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Kamsri, Thawatchai
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Riewruja, Vanchai
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
A procedure for the precise determination and compensation of the lead-wire resistance of a resistance transducer is presented. The proposed technique is suitable for a two-wire resistance transducer, especially the resistance temperature detector (RTD). The proposed procedure provides a technique to compensate for the lead-wire resistance using a three-level pulse signal to excite the RTD via the long lead wire. In addition, the variation in the lead-wire resistance disturbed by the change in the ambient temperature can also be compensated by using the proposed technique. The determination of the lead-wire resistance from the proposed procedure requires a simple computation method performed by a digital signal processing unit. Therefore, the calculation of the RTD resistance and the lead-wire resistance can be achieved without the requirement of a high-speed digital signal processing unit. The proposed procedure is implemented on two platforms to confirm its effectiveness: the LabVIEW computer program and the microcontroller board. Experimental results show that the RTD resistance was accurately acquired, where the measured temperature varied from 0◦C to 300◦C and the lead-wire resistance varied from 0.2 Ω to 20 Ω, corresponding to the length of the 26 American wire gauge (AWG) lead wire from 1.5 m to 150 m. The average power dissipation to the RTD was very low and the self-heating of the RTD was minimized. The measurement error of the RTD resistance observed for pt100 was within ±0.98 Ω or ±0.27◦C when the lead wire of 30 m was placed in an environment with the ambient temperature varying from 30◦C to 70◦C. It is evident that the proposed procedure provided a performance that agreed with the theoretical expectation.
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Linear-Range Extension for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Hyperbolic Sine Function
(2022-05-01)
Rerkratn, Apinai
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Tongcharoen, Jakkapun
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Riewruja, Vanchai
In this paper, a circuit technique to extend the measuring range of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is proposed. The transfer characteristic of the LVDT contains the odd function form of the cubic polynomial. Therefore, the measuring range of a commercial LVDT is linear in a narrow range compared to its physical dimensions. The wide measuring range of the LVDT requires a large structure of the LVDT, which increases the scale and the cost of the measurement system. The measuring range of the LVDT can be linearly extended to the maximum of the stroke range using the proposed technique. The realization of the proposed technique is based on the use of the hyperbolic sine (sinh) function of the electronic circuit building block, named the class AB bipolar amplifier. The class AB bipolar amplifier can be obtained by the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). The circuit of the proposed technique requires two CFOAs and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) as the active devices and all devices used in the proposed technique to synthesize the sinh function are commercially available. The proposed technique exhibits an ability to compensate for the nonlinear characteristic of the LVDT without digital components. The proposed technique is attractive in terms of its simple circuit configuration, small size, and low cost. The linear range extension of the LVDT used in this paper is significantly increased with a maximum error of about 18.3 µm of 6.2 mm at the full stroke range or the full-scale percentage error of about 0.295%. The results indicate that the proposed technique provides excellent performance to extend the measuring range of the LVDT without modifying the LVDT structure.
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Capacitive sensor readout circuit based on sample and hold method
(2022-04-01)
Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Phankamnerd, Phirapong
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Rerkratn, Apinai
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Riewruja, Vanchai
This paper presents a capacitive sensor readout circuit using sample and hold method. The proposed readout circuit is used to convert capacitance from sensor to DC (direct current) voltage output. The basic structure of readout circuit consists of the pulse generator circuit, differentiator circuit, amplifier circuit, monostable I circuit, monostable II circuit, and sample and hold circuit. The proposed technique is based on the change of time constant from differentiator circuit corresponding to the measurement capacitance. The sample and hold circuit is used for sampling output voltage from differentiator circuit. The output voltage of the proposed readout circuit is proportional to measurement capacitance. The standard capacitors with different capacitance are used to test the proposed converter performance. Experimental results show that the proposed readout circuit can convert measurement capacitance to output voltage with satisfied values, good linearity and high sensitivity.
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A temperature-compensation technique for improving resolver accuracy
(2021-09-01)
Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Riewruja, Vanchai
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Songsuwankit, Kanoknuch
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Rerkratn, Apinai
Variation in the ambient temperature deteriorates the accuracy of a resolver. In this paper, a temperature-compensation technique is introduced to improve resolver accuracy. The ambient temperature causes deviations in the resolver signal; therefore, the disturbed signal is investigated through the change in current in the primary winding of the resolver. For the proposed technique, the primary winding of the resolver is driven by a class-AB output stage of an operational amplifier (opamp), where the primary winding current forms part of the supply current of the opamp. The opamp supply-current sensing technique is used to extract the primary winding current. The error of the resolver signal due to temperature variations is directly evaluated from the supply current of the opamp. Therefore, the proposed technique does not require a temperature-sensitive device. Using the proposed technique, the error of the resolver signal when the ambient temperature increases to 70 °C can be minimized from 1.463% without temperature compensation to 0.017% with temperature compensation. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and is confirmed by experimental implementation using commercial devices. The results show that the proposed circuit can compensate for wide variations in ambient temperature.
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Temperature Compensation for Transformer-type Transducer
(2021-01-01)
Songsuwankit, Kanoknuch
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Riewruja, Vanchai
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Watanachaturaporn, Pakorn
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Rerkratn, Apinai
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
A novel technique to compensate the temperature effect of a transformer-type transducer is proposed in this paper. The effect of the ambient temperature on the transformer-type transducer is investigated from a primary-winding current. The advantage of the proposed technique is that the temperature effect is compensated without requiring a temperature sensor, making it suitable for applications in robotic and automation systems operated in harsh environments. The primary-winding current of the transducer is generated using a second-generation current conveyor (CCII). The excitation signal of the transformer-type transducer is driven by the CCII and the current flowing through the primary winding is transferred to an output signal of the CCII. The deviation of the primary-winding current due to the temperature effect is evaluated from the output signal of the CCII. The temperature effect on the transducer is manipulated by a closed-loop principle using a subtract-and-sum action instead of a traditional proportional-plusintegral action to eliminate the deviation of the primary-winding current. Therefore, the temperature effect on the transducer is compensated. A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is used to demonstrate the proposed technique, whose performance is discussed in detail and confirmed experimentally. All devices used in this experiment are commercially available. Experimental results show that the measured error of the output signal from the LVDT at 70 C can be reduced from 6.2% without temperature compensation to 0.06% by using the proposed technique, which has the advantages of a low cost, simple configuration, and high performance.
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Position signal detector for linear variable differential transformer
(2020-12-01)
Rerkratn, Apinai
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Luangpol, Amata
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Petchmaneelumka, Wandee
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Riewruja, Vanchai
This paper presents the position signal detector for linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) based on RMS-to-DC converter. The proposed detector consists of the differential amplifier, the comparator, the phase detector, the controllable unity-gain inverting/non-inverting amplifier and the RMS-to-DC converter. The proposed technique provides a simple scheme and uses the low cost commercial available devices such as opamp, transistor and digital logic gate. The experimental testing with the commercial LVDT model OP12.5G from Solartron Metrology showing the proposed position signal detector can produce the output voltage corresponding to the measured displacement with satisfactory values and good linearity.

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