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Ultrasonic-assisted preparation and characterization of sheepskin gelatin films modified with konjac glucomannan
(2026-12-01)
Hasdar, Muhamad
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Nalinanon, Sitthipong
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Kittiphattanabawon, Phanat
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Sriket, Chodsana
Gelatin derived from sheepskin (GSS) is a promising biomaterial for edible, biodegradable films, but exhibits poor water resistance, mechanical weakness, and brittleness. This study developed ultrasound-assisted composite films based on GSS and konjac glucomannan (KG; 0–75% w/w) to enhance their functionality. The ultrasonic treatment (40 kHz, 15 min) improved homogeneity and reduced structural defects. KG incorporation significantly increased film thickness from 0.031 mm to 0.038 mm and tensile strength from 0.5118 MPa to 0.9601 MPa, while reducing water vapor transmission from 2.6974 g m⁻² day⁻¹ to 1.7304 g m⁻² day⁻¹ and water activity from 0.4526 to 0.3084. Swelling decreased from 4.77% to 3.82%, whereas water resistance improved from 95.23% to 96.18%. The optimal formulation (25% KG) provided a balance between strength, flexibility, and hydrophobicity. FTIR confirmed intermolecular hydrogen bonding between GSS and KG, and ultrasound promoted uniform dispersion and denser microstructures. These findings highlight ultrasound-assisted GSS/KG films as sustainable, protein-polysaccharide-based materials with superior physicochemical and barrier properties for eco-friendly food packaging applications.
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Development of instant germinated black rice (Maejo rice 1A) milk beverage powder fortified with Cordyceps militaris protein isolate
(2026-08-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Jaturapanyaskul, Siri
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Wangcharoen, Wiwat
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Daengprok, Wichittra
Development of instant germinated black rice (Maejo rice 1A) milk beverage powder fortified with Cordyceps militaris protein isolate was investigated. The base formula was optimized using mixture design, with Formula 8 (24% rice powder, 12% monk fruit sugar, 44% milk powder, 19.7% inulin and 0.3% Palsgaard® RecMilk) selected based on sensory evaluation. The beverage was then fortified with protein isolate at 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/w). Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Protein fortification influenced color, water activity, viscosity, and nutritional composition, while enhancing phenolic-related compounds and antioxidant potential, indicating improved functional properties of the beverage powder. The 7% protein-fortified sample exhibited the highest antioxidant activity across all assays while maintaining acceptable thermal stability. Sensory evaluation showed that 5% protein fortification achieved optimal consumer acceptance (overall score 7.65), outperforming commercial products. The study demonstrates successful development of a functional beverage powder with enhanced nutritional and antioxidant properties through protein fortification.
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Enhanced calcium solubility of bio-calcium powder from blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) bone: Influence of alkaline pretreatment conditions
(2026-07-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Sazedul Hoque, Md
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Benjakul, Soottawat
Bio-calcium powder was prepared from blackchin tilapia ( Sarotherodon melanotheron ) bones, an invasive species by-product from surimi production in Thailand, to evaluate the effects of alkaline pretreatment on bio-calcium properties. Bones were pretreated with NaOH or KOH (1 and 2 M) at a bone-to-solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 2 h, followed by ethanol washing, hydrogen peroxide bleaching, drying, and grinding to obtain bio-calcium powder. The yield on a wet weight basis was 26–28%, with water activity values of 0.33–0.34 measured at room temperature. Among all treatments, 1 M KOH gave the highest yield (28%), calcium content (26.13%), and lightness (L∗ = 88.5). Collagenous proteins and hydroxyapatite were identified by SDS-PAGE and ATR-FTIR, respectively. All bio-calcium samples showed four to five times higher in vitro calcium solubility after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (13.4-17.50%) than calcium carbonate (3.4%). The 2 M treatments exhibited the highest calcium solubility (17.2-17.50%). The 1 M KOH can be used for food fortification due to its high yield and lightness, whereas the 2 M treatments can serve as calcium supplements where higher calcium solubility is required. Blackchin tilapia bone is a potential source for bio-calcium production, with 1 M KOH suitable for food fortification and 2 M treatments more appropriate for applications requiring higher calcium solubility.
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Evaluation of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae protein extract as a cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp
(2026-06-15)
Kittiphattanabawon, Phanat
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Nalinanon, Sitthipong
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Phaonakrop, Narumon
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Roytrakul, Sittiruk
This study evaluated the application of yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) larvae protein extract (YMPE) as a clean-label cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ), with emphasis on its underlying mechanism. Proteomic profiling identified 12 antifreeze protein-like peptides containing conserved ice-binding motifs (TCTxSxxCxxAx), supporting the cryoprotective potential of YMPE. During dose optimization, shrimp treated with 0.5% YMPE exhibited the highest weight gain (5.57%) and lowest freezable water content (59.67%) (P < 0.05). The cryoprotective efficacy of YMPE was further evaluated over five freeze–thaw cycles in comparison with distilled water and mixed phosphate. YMPE significantly mitigated quality deterioration by enhancing water retention, preserving protein functionality (higher Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase activity), and reducing lysosomal enzyme leakage relative to the control (P < 0.05). Microstructural analysis revealed reduced muscle fiber disruption, characterized by fewer inter-fiber gaps. Mechanistically, YMPE may exert cryoprotective effects through a multimodal mechanism involving ice recrystallization inhibition and formation of a protective protein matrix. Although less effective than mixed phosphate, YMPE consistently improved all quality parameters compared with the control. These findings highlight the potential of insect-derived protein extracts as a novel, biologically based alternative to phosphate additives in seafood processing and provide a foundation for future industrial application.
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Sequential extraction protocol for bio-calcium from saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) bone: Physicochemical and molecular studies
(2026-06-01)
Yarnpakdee, Suthasinee
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Senphan, Theeraphol
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Benjakul, Soottawat
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Sriket, Chodsana
Saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ; SC) farming generates 45% bone waste, creating environmental challenges but also representing an underutilized source of calcium. This study presents the first comprehensive protocol for extracting bio-calcium from SC bone through sequential processing: autoclaving, alkaline soaking, ethanol extraction, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The extraction process yielded 16.94% bio-calcium with a high mineral density (26.37% Ca and 13.83% P) and an average particle size of 6.77 μm. XRD confirmed the preserved hydroxyapatite structure, while FTIR revealed the complete elimination of the organic matrix in the resulting bio-calcium. SEM-EDS demonstrated uniform elemental distribution with no detectable heavy metals. Remarkably, in vitro calcium bioavailability reached 15.24%, representing a 78% enhancement over fish bone bio-calcium and doubling synthetic supplement performance. Preserved collagen-derived amino acids facilitate calcium-peptide chelation, explaining the superior absorption. The developed valorization process converts aquaculture waste into high-value ingredients with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
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Sustainable Goat Skin Gelatin-Based Edible Coatings Incorporated with Konjac Glucomannan: Physicochemical Properties and Preservation Efficacy on Strawberries
(2026-04-01)
Hasdar, Muhamad
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Nalinanon, Sitthipong
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Nirmal, Nilesh Prakash
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Petcharat, Tanyamon
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Sriket, Chodsana
This study evaluated the effectiveness of edible coatings made from goat skin gelatin, with and without konjac glucomannan, for preserving strawberries at room temperature. Three groups were analyzed: a control group (EKG1), a gelatin coating group (EKG2), and a gelatin with konjac glucomannan group (EKG3). The addition of konjac glucomannan increased coating viscosity and thickness. While EKG3 initially raised total soluble solids, this difference disappeared by day 3. Both gelatin-based coatings maintained pH levels and showed no significant firmness difference between EKG2 and EKG3. The coatings effectively slowed color changes and pigment oxidation because they limited oxygen exposure. Weight loss was similar for EKG2 and EKG3, but EKG3 better preserved ascorbic acid on day 12. These results suggest that natural coatings can effectively reduce fruit spoilage, supporting sustainable food packaging and circular economy principles because they extend shelf life while being environmentally friendly.
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Development of fish powder from marine whole fish and minced flesh: Nutritional assessment and application in soup mix formulation
(2026-01-15)
Hoque, Md Sazedul
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Hasan, Md Mahmudul
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Ghosh, Subarna
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Safa, Mariya Binte
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Hasan, Md Rakibul
This study focused on developing and analyzing nutritional quality of fish powder and fish soup powder from low-cost marine fishes of the Bay of Bengal, using mince from Sardine (Gudusia chapra), Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), Pama croaker (Otolithoides pama), and Hard-tail Scad (Megalaspis cordyla), and the whole Pacific ilisha (Ilisha fuerthii) and Indian anchovy (Stolephorus Indicus). Various treatments included raw, boiled (90–95 °C, 10 min), and autoclaved (121 °C, 10 min) heating, along with washing treatments of raw, 1 % brine, and additions of turmeric and/or vinegar. Analyses of yield, biochemicals, and microbial quality followed standard methods. Boiled and BrTV-treated (brine, turmeric, vinegar) Mackerel, and whole fish-based Pacific ilisha powders showed superior utilization and nutrient profiles. Whole fish-based powders had higher micronutrient levels than minced-based powders. Pacific ilisha with BrTV treatment was used for fish soup powder in three formulations (30 %, 40 %, and 50 % fish powder), with the 50 % formulation preferred sensorically and having higher protein, carbohydrates, and a lower microbial load. This study concludes that fish powders, particularly those made from whole fish with BrTV treatment, can significantly improve nutrition and economic empowerment for coastal communities, helping to reduce malnutrition.
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Optimization of salt washing protocols for surimi production from invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron): Molecular and functional properties
(2025-10-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Hoque, Md Sazedul
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Benjakul, Soottawat
This study presents the first systematic molecular characterization and protein chemistry optimization for surimi processing from invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), introducing novel salt washing protocols. Ten treatments were evaluated including conventional washing, single/multiple salt washing (0.3–0.9 % NaCl), and pH-shifting methods. Molecular analyses (SDS-PAGE, ATR-FTIR and SEM) revealed myofibrillar protein preservation and distinct structural modifications. The optimized 0.6 % NaCl protocol achieved selective heme protein removal while preserving myofibrillar integrity, yielding superior gel chemistry (whiteness: 76.47 vs. 71.04) and highest sensory acceptance (7.33 vs. 6.40). pH-shifting enhanced protein recovery (68.59 %) but caused molecular aggregation and network disruption, reducing gel strength by 82 %. Molecular analysis demonstrated that salt washing selectively removes chromoproteins while preserving essential gel-forming proteins, whereas pH-shifting caused protein aggregation. SEM confirmed dense protein matrices in salt-washed samples versus fragmented networks in pH-treated surimi. This chemistry-guided approach transforms invasive species into functional protein ingredients.
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Improving calcium bioavailability from fish bone waste: the role of sodium hydroxide in bio‑calcium extraction from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones
(2025-10-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Choommongkol, Vachira
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Kishimura, Hideki
Calcium deficiency is a global health issue motivating the search for sustainable calcium sources from aquaculture waste. This study investigated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration effects on bio‑calcium quality and bioavailability extracted from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones. Tilapia bones were treated with 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M NaOH solutions for 30 min compared to untreated controls. Increasing NaOH concentrations decreased yield while improving brightness, ash content, and calcium bioavailability. The 2 M NaOH treatment produced bio‑calcium with highest calcium bioavailability (8.57 %), surpassing both control (7.26 %) and commercial calcium carbonate (0.72 %) by 12-fold. Higher NaOH concentrations reduced moisture, protein, and fat contents while increasing hydroxyproline and decreasing lipid oxidation. SEM showed smoother surfaces with homogeneous pores in 2 M NaOH-treated samples. ATR-FTIR and EDS confirmed consistent hydroxyapatite structure. This optimization provides a sustainable approach for converting fish waste into high-bioavailability calcium supplements, supporting circular economy in aquaculture while addressing global calcium deficiency.
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Impact of Bio-calcium from Nile Tilapia Bone as a Supporting Material on the Stability Enhancement of Immobilized Probiotics
(2025-07-01)
Petsong, Kantiya
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Yarnpakdee, Suthasinee
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Senphan, Theeraphol
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Kingwascharapong, Passakorn
This study presented the potential of bio-calcium powder (BC) from Nile tilapia bone on enhancement of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus) stability as supporting material in probiotic immobilization and novel nutritive resource, particularly calcium. Combined immobilization techniques of absorption using BC at different concentrations (0, 10, and 15%) and encapsulation using fish collagen peptide (CP) (10%) were applied. Immobilized probiotics (IP) were investigated for resistance through various adverse conditions, including freeze-drying, severe pH and temperature levels, and gastro-intestinal tract (GI) conditions. After freeze-drying, all IPs showed resistance with > 90% survivability. Under various pHs, all samples revealed non-significant differences on cell survival under neutral and alkaline conditions throughout the tested incubation period (P > 0.05). Notably decreased survivability was detected in IP with BC compared to other samples, especially under acid condition. IP with 10 and 15% BC (IP-10 and IP-15) showed higher stability to thermal condition (55 °C) with increased incubation time, compared with those without BC (IP-0). After GI digestion, IP with BC reveals a better survivability with greater recovery ability, compared with IP-0 (P < 0.05). Calcium solubility increased with BC level in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Based on morphology and microscopy analysis, IP with BC illustrated cells attached to the rough surface of BC, which was coated with collagen peptide. Elemental mappings and distribution content suggested BC could be a great supporting material and calcium resource, particularly IP-15. Therefore, the absorption by BC together with encapsulation by collagen peptide could render a highly stable immobilized probiotic and a good calcium resource.

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