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Comparative physicochemical and rheological properties of tamarind seed xyloglucan from sweet and sour tamarind cultivars for food applications
(2026-06-01)
Julapuk, Punwadee
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Adair, Pornpatu
This study comparatively investigated the physicochemical, structural, and rheological properties of xyloglucan extracted from sweet (Sri Chomphu) and sour (Kradan) tamarind kernel (TKP) cultivated in Thailand to provide insights for industrial applications. The extraction yields were 58.35 ± 0.28% and 57.90 ± 0.37% (w/w) for sweet and sour TKP, respectively. Chemical composition analysis revealed comparable macronutrient profiles between the two samples. FTIR spectra confirmed similar functional groups, while SEM analysis showed amorphous and heterogeneous structures with slight differences in porosity. Molecular weight distribution indicated that sour TKP-derived xyloglucan was dominated by intermediate molecular weight fractions (4.03 × 10⁵ Da, 70.46%), whereas sweet TKP-derived xyloglucan exhibited a broader distribution. These structural differences influenced hydration properties, with sweet xyloglucan showing significantly higher water absorption and solubility (%WAI: 475.02 ± 9.91%; %WSI: 5.62 ± 0.62%) compared to sour xyloglucan (%WAI: 398.81 ± 7.01%; %WSI: 4.81 ± 0.57%). Evaluation of gelling properties revealed that both samples exhibited maximum gel strength at 2% concentration and pH 3, with sour xyloglucan forming stronger gels. Rheological analysis demonstrated non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and dominant elastic characteristics (G′ ' G″), with higher viscosity observed in the sour cultivar. Emulsifying activity and stability were high and showed no significant differences (EA: 93.58–94.87%; ES: 97.94–98.71%). Overall, while cultivar origin had minimal impact on structural and emulsifying properties, it significantly influenced hydration and gelling-related characteristics, supporting the potential of tamarind xyloglucan as a versatile hydrocolloid for food and material applications.
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Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in school milk and associated health risk assessment in Thailand
(2026-06-01)
Cha-aim, Chatartorn
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Nisapai, Wiparat
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Oomnog, Niroth
School milk products are recognized as an important and affordable food source for Thai people, particularly students. However, milk was classified as an agricultural product in which organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues can be detected due to its fat content. This study investigated the levels of organochlorine pesticides in school milk products, including raw milk, pasteurized milk, and UHT milk, using the QuEChERS method. The fat content of these three types of milk was 3.50%, 3.03%, and 3.33%, respectively. A correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9953–0.9998 confirmed the validity of the QuEChERS method. The limit of detection (LOD) for each pesticide ranged from 0.003 to 0.0615 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.010 to 0.2050 mg/kg, with recovery rates of 80.95–110.00%. The analysis for 13 organochlorine pesticide residues, including Aldrin, Cis-Chlordane, Trans-Chlordane, Dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, Endrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH using a GC–MS, revealed that no residues were detected above the LOQ (0.01 mg/kg) in any samples, indicating compliance with food safety standards. A scenario-based risk assessment using estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) suggested that, although current exposure is negligible, potential risks may arise under worst-case conditions, particularly for aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor in high-consumption groups. Overall, school milk products in Thailand are considered safe; however, continuous monitoring and risk assessment remain essential to ensure long-term food safety.
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Release of microplastics from used disposable masks and wet wipes in artificial seawater under sunlight
(2026-02-01)
Sangkham, Sarawut
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Khumjan, Jiraporn
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Munkong, Narongsuk
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Sriprom, Pongsert
The global increase in plastic waste has raised significant concerns regarding microplastic pollution and its ecological and human health impacts. This study investigated the release of microplastics (MPs) from surgical masks, N95 masks, and wet wipes in artificial seawater under natural sunlight exposure and non-exposure over a 10-day period. Mass loss analysis revealed that surgical masks exhibited the greatest mass loss, followed by N95 masks and wet wipes. Fibres constituted the dominant morphology of the released particles, followed by fragments. In addition, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed that polypropylene (PP) was the primary polymer in masks, while wet wipes contained polyester-based materials. This study demonstrated that exposure to natural sunlight in artificial seawater for 10 days significantly increased microplastic release from N95 masks, wet wipes, and surgical masks compared with non-sunlight conditions (p < 0.05). Microplastic release reached 695.00 ± 100.22, 1205.33 ± 43.10, and 2619 ± 608.28 particles per item under sunlight exposure, whereas the corresponding values under non-sunlight conditions were 516.33 ± 26.73, 698 ± 99.98, and 676.00 ± 146.00 particles per item, respectively. The results indicate that disposable masks and wet wipes can release microplastic particles in artificial seawater under both sunlight and non-sunlight conditions. Furthermore, exposure to natural sunlight significantly accelerates material degradation and enhances microplastic release, suggesting that the improper disposal of these materials may contribute to microplastic pollution in marine environments.
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Preparation of Vegetable Waste-Derived Paper Incorporated with Activated Carbon for Delay Mango Ripening and its Application
(2026-01-01)
Sriprom, Pongsert
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Thongkham, Phaewa
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Taweesukyingjaroen, Jurairat
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Somphan, Apiruk
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
In this study, the vegetable waste-derived paper was developed from vegetable waste-derived fiber and Mahachanok mango seed-derived activated carbon to extend the shelf life of Golden Nam Dok Mai mangoes. Vegetable waste was subjected to alkaline processing using sodium hydroxide to extract plant-based fibers, which were then formed into paper sheets. Activated carbon, derived from Mahachanok mango seeds by carbonization at 450°C and activated by potassium permanganate (KMnO4), was incorporated into the vegetable waste-derived paper to enhance ethylene adsorption efficiency. Three formulations of ripening delay paper were prepared: paper without activated carbon, paper containing 10 g of activated carbon, and paper containing 20 g of activated carbon. The physical properties of the papers were evaluated in terms of tensile strength and water drop absorption. The vegetable waste-derived paper incorporated with 20 g activated carbon showed the highest performance among the developed papers (1.20 ± 0.24 MPa and 0.74 seconds, respectively). Application tests on Golden Nam Dok Mai mangoes showed that the 10 g activated carbon formulation was the most effective in preserving flesh color, maintaining firmness, and balancing total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA), indicating a delayed ripening process. Therefore, ripening delay paper synthesized from vegetable fiber and supplemented with 10 g of activated carbon per 1 kg of fruit was proven to effectively prolong mango shelf life by up to 3 days, demonstrating its potential as a biodegradable solution for postharvest quality preservation.
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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Juvenile Durian Fruit by Activating KMnO4 for Methylene Blue Adsorption
(2026-01-01)
Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Chokelarb, Wasan
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Sriprom, Pongsert
Preparation of activated carbon from juvenile durian fruit by activation with KMnO4 for methylene blue adsorption was studied. The juvenile durian fruit was pyrolyzed at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C and activated with KMnO4. The results demonstrated that the carbonization at 600 °C yielded the highest iodine number of 298.30 mgiodine/gbiochar. Subsequently, the methylene blue adsorption was investigated using a Box-Behnken designed batch experiment. The experimental design included three variables at three levels: adsorbent dosage (g), initial methylene blue concentration (mg/L), and adsorption time (min). The optimum conditions for methylene blue adsorption efficiency reached approximately 99.9% at an adsorbent dosage of 0.55 g, an initial methylene blue concentration of 10 mg/L, and an adsorption time of 90 min.
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Development of intelligent packaging from xyloglucan-chitosan modified film with betalains from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peels
(2025-06-01)
Permana, Lasuardi
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
This study aimed to develop intelligent packaging films by, incorporating extracted betalain (EB) from dragon fruit peel into a tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan and chitosan blend (XC). The film were comprehensively characterized for their chemical, physical, mechanical, antimicrobial, and functional properties. Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the interaction between xyloglucan, chitosan, and betalain were governed by ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding, which stabilized the colloidal network and influenced film microstructure. Increasing betalain concentration enhance film thickness and color intensity with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealing uniform surface morphology. Mechanical testing demonstrated that film with a 1:5 (w/v) EB:EC ratio achieved optimal performance balancing tensile strength (22.35 ± 2.25 MPa) and an elongation at break (185.07 ± 4.42 %). The films exhibited suitable barrier properties, with water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water vapor peameability (WVP) aligning with food packaging requirements. Antimicrobial assay revealed good activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while ammonia sensitivity test demonstrated the ability of film to detect spoilage via visible colorimetric shifts, correlating with total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) levels in shrimp. This study highlight the potential of XC-EB films as sustainable, intelligent packaging solutions for monitoring the protein-rich food freshness, leveraging agricultural byproduct to enhance food safety and reduce waste.
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Recovering bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of medium roasted spent coffee grounds through varied hydrothermal brewing cycles
(2025-04-01)
Maiyah, Nur
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Kerdpiboon, Soraya
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Supapvanich, Suriyan
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Kerr, William L.
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Sriprom, Pongsert
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are the residual product from brewing coffee and contain valuable bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of hydrothermal brewing cycles on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of medium roasted Arabica (A) and Robusta (R) SCGs. SCGs from A and R were prepared using 3 levels of brewing cycles at 92–95 °C/900 kPa. The SCGs were collected and air dried at 60 °C to achieve a moisture content of less than 4 % wb. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging showed that brewing increased SCGs porosity, allowing more moisture retention and enhanced extraction of compounds on subsequent cycles. SCGs also became less pigmented after additional brewing. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the retention of chemical components after each cycle, indicating a level of stability in the functional groups. Ethanol extraction yielded higher total phenolic content (TPC), while water extraction resulted in greater total flavonoid content (TFC); however, both decreased with additional hydrothermal brewing cycles. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid were more abundant in ethanol extracts, whereas water extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (measured by ABTS and FRAP), particularly in Robusta SCGs. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were reduced with additional SCGs brewing. Significant correlations between TPC, TFC, caffeine, and antioxidant measures underscore the potential for the sustainable reuse of SCGs as a bioactive resource. Overall, hydrothermal brewing cycles enhanced the extraction and utilization of bioactive compounds from SCGs, contributing to the development of value-added products that promote health and sustainability.
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Optimization of betalain extraction from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel and effect of pH on its properties
(2025-02-01)
Permana, Lasuardi
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
Dragon fruit peels are wastes produced in the food industry and contain abundant phytochemicals. In this study, betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels was optimized using water as a safe and environment-friendly solvent. The Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of different pH (2.0–6.0), temperatures (30–60 °C), times (10–60 min), and solid-to-liquid ratios (1:15–1:40 by weight) on betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels. The betalain extracted under the optimized conditions was then studied for its properties across a wide pH range of 2.0 to 13.0. The results showed that the solid-to-liquid ratio had the most significant effect on betacyanin extraction as the major component of betalain in dragon fruit peels. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a pH of 3.6, temperature of 30 °C, extraction time of 10 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15. The expected betacyanin content under these conditions is 72.37 mg/L. A significant change in the CIELAB parameter of the extracted betalain was observed, with marked differences in the L*, a*, and b* values as the pH increased. This color change may be attributed to the degradation of betacyanin into betalamic acid. This study demonstrated the potential of a safe and eco-friendly process for extracting the natural pigment betacyanin from this agricultural waste material and the potential use of betalain in pH-dependent products.
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Cleaner Bio-Based Plasticizer Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil to Substitute Toxic Dioctyl Phthalate in PVC film
(2025-01-01)
Chaiyaraksa, Chompoonut
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Boonkaen, Fahana
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Laemsri, Arthittaya
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Smingkaew, Arnita
This research aimed to investigate the possibility of synthesizing a bio-based plasticizer from waste cooking oil using an epoxidation reaction to replace dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in PVC film, which is toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. This involved synthesizing used household oil through an epoxidation reaction to introduce epoxy groups, followed by isopropyl alcohol to break the epoxy rings and form hydroxyl groups. The chemical structure of the epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), with a focus on confirming the presence of epoxy groups within the 3,500 – 3,000 cm-1 range. Subsequently, this bio-based plasticizer was used in various ratios to DOP to produce PVC films, including ratios of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5. These PVC films were subject to a comprehensive examination of their physical and chemical properties, including their resistance to tensile stress, elongation ability, the impact on molecular functional groups in the PVC film, and a leaching test. The results showed that the optimal proportion of epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer to DOP was 5:0. This ratio demonstrated superior tensile strength, enhanced elongation capacity, increased thermal stability, and exhibited the most robust resistance against solvents compared to other ratios tested.
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Synthesis of Epoxidized Waste Cooking Oil as Plasticizer in the Production of Xyloglucan-Chitosan Films
(2025-01-01)
Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Kikaew, Kuntida
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Wanliphakha, Warintorn
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Orachorn, Wimolpan
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Chokelarb, Wasan
The synthesis of epoxidized waste cooking oil (EWCO) from used oil and the potential of using EWCO as a plasticizer to replace glycerol in xyloglucan-chitosan film were studied. The epoxidation reaction generated an epoxy group, which was induced to break off and form OH groups, potentially used as EWCO plasticizers (EWCOP). The determination of EWCOP by analyzing the chemical structure using FT-IR, where peaks were observed at 3496 cm-1 and 827 cm-1, indicating the opening of the epoxy group. According to the physical properties test, EWCOP has a total acid number of 9.91 mg KOH/g, a flash point below 50 °C, and a viscosity of 0.79 cST at 40 °C. A xyloglucan-chitosan film was prepared using a concentration ratio of xyloglucan to chitosan of 4:1, mixed with a solution of glycerol and EWCOP as the plasticizer at ratios of 7:0, 5:2, 3:4, and 0:7, representing 35% of the total weight of solids. The tensile strength of the xyloglucan-chitosan film increases with a decrease in the glycerol : EWCOP ratio, offering hope for the potential of EWCOP in future applications. Conversely, an increase in the glycerol: EWCOP ratio reduces the elongation of the xyloglucan-chitosan film. The water vapor transfer rate and T<inf>g</inf> in the xyloglucan-chitosan film are lowest when the glycerol: EWCOP ratio is 3:4 and 0:7, respectively. The results showed that using EWCOP as plasticizers to replace glycerol significantly enhanced many aspects of synthesized xyloglucan-chitosan film properties, demonstrating the potential of this research to make a substantial impact in the field.

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