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Characterization of Diaporthe fungal extract composition and phytotoxicity on the aquatic noxious weed Eichhornia crassipes: inhibitory effects on photosynthetic machinery and membrane integrity
(2025-01-01)
Somala, Naphat
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Thongbang, Muanfan
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Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
Fungal extract-based natural herbicides are a promising avenue for the development of sustainable weed management. The study investigates the herbicidal activity of fungal extracts against the prominent aquatic invasive weed Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). The ethanol crude fraction derived from Diaporthe sp. strain EC010 demonstrated the highest phytotoxicity. Chemical characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 2(3H)-furanone, dihydro-4-hydroxy- (22.81%), linoelaidic acid (6.87%), and hordenine (6.62%) as major constituents. Phytotoxicity was evaluated by wrapping bioassay under greenhouse conditions. Observable foliar damage, such as necrosis, chlorosis, and depigmentation, occurred within 1 day after treatment (DAT). The rapid onset of visible damage within 1 DAT and the detailed analysis of tissue damage are particularly noteworthy. Lesion progression reflected the phytotoxicity of the extract, increasing to 77.33% visible phytotoxicity at 14 DAT for the highest concentration (8.0% w/v). Microscopic analysis revealed disintegration and complete deformation of epidermal and parenchymal tissues, and treated plants featured extensive aerenchyma spaces. Furthermore, the Diaporthe sp. extract decreased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid concentrations while increasing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, indicative of weed deterioration. The current work offers valuable insights for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies in the management of water hyacinth populations in a lentic ecosystem. The findings suggest that Diaporthe sp. extract could serve as a natural herbicide, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals in managing water hyacinth.
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Phytotoxic effects of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus and its physiological mechanisms on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
(2013-01-01)
Poonpaiboonpipat, Tanatson
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Pangnakorn, Udomporn
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Suvunnamek, Umporn
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Teerarak, Montinee
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Charoenying, Patchanee
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil was identified by GC-MS for their major compound constituents; six compounds representing 92.59% of the total essential oil were identified. The main constituent was citral (76.00%). In a laboratory bioassay, high concentration of essential oil significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth of Echinochloa crus-galli and affecting α-amylase activity of seeds. In a glass house bioassay, essential oil at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% (v/v) was foliar-applied on E. crus-galli at 28 days after sowing at spray volume of 1000Lha <sup>-1</sup>. Observation of leaf wilt symptoms was noted at 6h after treatment. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content was decreased with concentrations of essential oil, indicating that essential oil interferes with photosynthetic metabolism. C. citratus essential oil caused an electrolyte leakage indicating membrane disruption and loss of integrity. Treated leaves exhibited an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), suggesting lipid peroxidation. It is to conclude that essential oil is phytotoxic and could be utilized as a natural herbicide for future weed control. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
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Physiological and cellular mechanisms of natural herbicide resource from Aglaia odorata Lour. On bioassay plants
(2012-07-01)
Teerarak, Montinee
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Charoenying, Patchanee
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
A bioassay-guided fractionation of the allelochemicals of the ethyl acetate fraction extracted from Aglaia odorata led to isolation of a bisamide, odorine. The growth inhibitory effects of odorine and ethyl acetate fraction were studied for comparison on Echinochloa crus-galli. Odorine and ethyl acetate fraction of A. odorata could inhibit the germination and seedling growth of E. crus-galli, with ethyl acetate fraction being more potent. Thus, ethyl acetate fraction was selected for further experiment, E. crus-galli seeds were studied the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction from A. odorata leaves in wet-table powder formulation on imbibition and α-amylase activity. It was found that treated seeds showed lower imbibition and α-amylase activity. The results of cytogenetic bioassay in Allium cepa roots showed that ethyl acetate fraction inhibited cell mitosis and induced mitotic abnormalities resulting from its action on chromatin organization and mitotic spindle in the exposed roots.
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Potential allelopathic effects of Suregada multiflorum and the influence of soil type on its residue's efficacy
(2010-09-01)
Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Boonleom, Chaninat
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Teerarak, Montinee
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Thitavasanta, Sompop
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Charoenying, Patchanee
This experiment was conducted to determine the potential allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts and dried leaf powder of Suregada multiflorum and to find the herbicidal effects of its granule on the weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), in various growth media (germination paper, sand, and soil). Observations in this study demonstrated that the potential and magnitude of their inhibitory effects varied among the plant parts. The leaves and branches possessed the strongest inhibition levels, followed by the bark. The aqueous extract from the leaves of S. multiflorum had a remarkably stronger inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of slender amaranth, compared with barnyardgrass; when applied at the concentration of 100-g-L<sup>-1</sup>, it completely inhibited the germination and initial seedling growth of slender amaranth. In addition, all the treatments of the dried leaf powder had stronger inhibition effects than the aqueous extract. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of the dried leaf granule of S. multiflorum were stronger than the effects of the dried leaf powder at equal rates. The degree of inhibitory effect of the S. multiflorum granule, applied in various growing media, can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as germination paper = sand > clay soil. The present study indicates that the S. multiflorum granule product that was developed in this research has the potential to provide a powerful organic herbicide for controlling slender amaranth. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Weed Science Society of Japan.
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Evaluation of allelopathic, decomposition and cytogenetic activities of Jasminum officinale L. f. var. grandiflorum (L.) Kob. on bioassay plants
(2010-07-01)
Teerarak, Montinee
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Charoenying, Patchanee
Methanolic extracts prepared from dried leaves of Jasminum officinale f. var. grandiflorum (L.) Kob. (Spanish jasmine) inhibited seed germination and stunted both root and shoot length of the weeds Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Phaseolus lathyroides L. The main active compound was isolated and determined by spectral data as a secoiridoid glucoside named oleuropein. In addition, a decrease in allelopathic efficacy appeared as the decomposition periods increased. The mitotic index in treated onion root tips decreased with increasing concentrations of the extracts and longer periods of treatment. Likewise, the mitotic phase index was altered in onion incubated with crude extract. Furthermore, crude extract produced mitotic abnormalities resulting from its action on chromatin organization and mitotic spindle. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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An allelopathic substance isolated from Zanthoxylum limonella Alston fruit
(2010-06-28)
Charoenying, Patchanee
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Teerarak, Montinee
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the Zanthoxylum limonella Alston fruits led to the isolation of a phenolic compound named xanthoxyline. The allelopathic effects of xanthoxyline were evaluated on Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) under laboratory conditions. At a concentration of 2500 μM, xanthoxyline completely inhibited seed germination and growth of Chinese amaranth, while this compound showed a significantly inhibitory effect on seed germination of Barnyardgrass by 43.59% and inhibited shoot and root length by 71.56% and 87.48%, respectively. To determine the mechanism through which xanthoxyline exerts its toxicity, the cytogenetic bioassay was conducted. Roots of Allium cepa L. (onion) were treated with a series of concentrations, ranging from 15.625 to 125 μM for 18 h. Cytogenetic studies of onion roots showed a decrease of the mitotic index in the exposed roots dependent on the concentration of xanthoxyline. Likewise, the mitotic phase index was altered in onion incubated with xanthoxyline. Analyses of the abbreviation types showed spindle disturbances at late prophase, sticky metaphase, c-mitosis, non-oriented chromosome at metaphase, sticky anaphase, delayed anaphase and diagonal at telophase for the onion roots exposed to xanthoxyline. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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